{"id":6034,"date":"2011-06-02T12:58:46","date_gmt":"2011-06-02T09:58:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/"},"modified":"2011-06-02T12:58:46","modified_gmt":"2011-06-02T09:58:46","slug":"bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/","title":{"rendered":"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm"},"content":{"rendered":"

Topluluk narsisizminin \u015fimdiye dek ele almad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ba\u015fka bir toplumsal i\u015flevi daha vard\u0131r. Bir toplum, \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011funu ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimini yeterince besleyemiyorsa, toplumsal huzursuzlu\u011fu \u00f6nleyebilmek i\u00e7in hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bir narsisizmle doyum sa\u011flamak zorundad\u0131r onlara. Ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan yoksul olan insanlar i\u00e7in o toplulu\u011fun bir \u00fcyesi olman\u0131n verdi\u011fi narsisist k\u0131van\u00e7 tek \u2014ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00e7ok etkili\u2014 bir doyum kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015fam\u0131 kendilerine “ilgin\u00e7” bir \u015fey getirmedi\u011fi, ilgilerini geli\u015ftirecek olanaklan sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu insanlar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir narsisizm geli\u015ftirebilirler. Bu olgunun en iyi \u00f6rnekleri son y\u0131llarda Hitler Almanya’s\u0131nda, bug\u00fcn de Amerika’n\u0131n G\u00fcney’inde g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u0131rksal narsisizmdir. Her iki \u00f6rnekte de \u0131rksal \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck duygusunun \u00f6z\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 orta s\u0131n\u0131ftan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Durum bug\u00fcn de ayn\u0131d\u0131r; Almanya gibi Amerika’n\u0131n G\u00fcneyi’nde de ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan geli\u015fmemi\u015f, (k\u00f6hnemi\u015f, can\u00e7eki\u015fen bir toplumun kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in) hi\u00e7bir ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i geli\u015fme umudu kalmam\u0131\u015f olan bu geri kalm\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir tek doyum yolu vard\u0131r: Kendini d\u00fcnyada en b\u00fcy\u00fck hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplayan topluluk sayarak, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u0131rk diye damgalanan bir \u0131rksal gruba \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck taslayarak kendi imgesini \u015fi\u015firmek. Bu geri kalm\u0131\u015f topluluklar\u0131n \u00fcyeleri \u015fu duygular i\u00e7indedir: “Yoksul ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrs\u00fcz olsam da \u00f6nemli bir ki\u015fiyim ben, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bug\u00fcne dek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en \u00fcst toplulu\u011fun \u00fcyesiyim \u2014 “Beyaz’\u0131m” ya da “H\u0131ristiyan’\u0131m.”<\/p>\n

Topluluk narsisizmini g\u00f6rebilmek bireysel narsisizmi g\u00f6rebilmekten daha zordur. Birisinin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p da ba\u015fkalar\u0131na \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim: “Ben (ve benim ailem) d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00fcst\u00fcn insanlar\u0131y\u0131z; bizden temiz, bizden zeki, bizden iyi, bizden d\u00fcr\u00fcst insan yoktur, \u00f6teki insanlar\u0131n hepsi pis, aptal, ahl\u00e2ks\u0131z ve sorumsuzdur.” Pek \u00e7ok kimse bu insan\u0131n kaba, dengesiz, giderek deli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecektir. Oysa ba\u011fnaz bir konu\u015fmac\u0131, kitlenin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p da “Ben” ve “benim ailem” yerine ulus (ya da \u0131rk, din, siyasal parti vb.) koyarak bir konu\u015fma yaparsa \u00fclkesini, Tann’y\u0131 vb. seven bir insan olarak \u00f6v\u00fclecek, de\u011ferli bulunacakt\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan ba\u015fka uluslardan ve ba\u015fka dinlerden olanlar horg\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckleri i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir konu\u015fmaya k\u0131zacaklard\u0131r. Y\u00fcceltilen toplulu\u011fun i\u00e7inde her bireyin ki\u015fisel narsisizmi do\u011frulanacak, milyonlarca ki\u015finin payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu yarg\u0131lar akla uygunmu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnecektir. (Halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun akla uygun olarak kabul etti\u011fi \u015fey halk\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011filse bile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesiminin kabul etti\u011fi bir \u015feydir; pek \u00e7ok insan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde “akla uygunluk” yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131l de\u011fil toplumun onay\u0131 belirler.) Bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak topluluk, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in narsisizme gereksinme duydu\u011fu s\u00fcrece topluluk narsisist tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131racak, bu tutumlar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle gayet hakl\u0131 ve erdemli tutumlar olarak g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n

Narsisist tutumun yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplulu\u011fun yap\u0131s\u0131 ve boyutlar\u0131 tarih boyunca de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130lkel kabile ya da boylarda yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz \u00fcye vard\u0131r; burada insan hen\u00fcz “bireyli\u011fi”ni kazanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; kendi toplulu\u011funa hen\u00fcz kopar\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olan “ilkel ba\u011flar”la, kan ba\u011flar\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle boya olan narsisist ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fcyelerin boy d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda duygusal bir varl\u0131k geli\u015ftirememelerinden dolay\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fiminde toplumsalla\u015fman\u0131n gittik\u00e7e artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz; kan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanan ilk k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar zamanla ortak bir dile, ortak bir toplumsal d\u00fczene ve ortak bir inana dayanan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Toplulu\u011fun \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, ille de narsisizmin hastal\u0131kl\u0131 niteliklerinin azalmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Daha \u00f6nce de belirtildi\u011fi gibi “Beyazlar”\u0131n ya da “H\u0131ristiyanlar”\u0131n topluluk narsisizmleri tek bir ki\u015fideki a\u015f\u0131n narsisizm \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde hastal\u0131kl\u0131 olabilir. Bununla birlikte daha b\u00fcy\u00fck gruplar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde, kendi aralar\u0131nda kan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik insan toplulu\u011fuyla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapma gereksinmesi, toplulu\u011fun i\u00e7indeki narsisizm y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ters y\u00f6nde etkiler. Tehlikesiz bireysel narsisizmi incelerken ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z durum burada da ge\u00e7erlidir: B\u00fcy\u00fck topluluk (ulus, devlet ya da din) ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ya da sanatsal \u00fcretim alan\u0131nda de\u011ferli bir \u015fey yaratmay\u0131 narsisist onurunun nesnesi olarak benimsedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, bu alanlarda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma narsisizmin yo\u011funlu\u011funu azaltacakt\u0131r. Roma Katolik Kilisesi’nin tarihi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir topluluk i\u00e7inde \u00e7e\u015fitli narsisizmlerin kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ve bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ma tepki g\u00f6steren g\u00fc\u00e7lere iyi bir \u00f6rnektir. Katolik Kilisesi i\u00e7inde narsisizme tepki g\u00f6steren \u00f6\u011felerin birincisi, insan\u0131n evrenselli\u011fi kavram\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla “Katoliklik”in art\u0131k belli bir kabile ya da ulusun mal\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi de Tanr\u0131 fikrinin kabul edilmesinden sonra putlar\u0131n yads\u0131nmas\u0131ndan do\u011fan ki\u015fisel al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck fikridir. Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek hi\u00e7 kimsenin Tanr\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, her \u015feyi yap\u0131p her \u015feyi bilemeyece\u011fini kabul etmek demektir; b\u00f6ylece insan\u0131n narsisizmine kap\u0131larak kendini putla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na kesin bir s\u0131n\u0131r getirilmi\u015f olur. Ama bu arada Kilise yo\u011fun bir narsisizm geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir; Kilise’nin tek kurtulu\u015f yolu, Papa’n\u0131n da \u0130sa’n\u0131n Vekili oldu\u011funa inanan din adamlar\u0131, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir kurumun \u00fcyeleri olarak yo\u011fun bir narsisizme kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fey Tanr\u0131’yla olan ili\u015fkide de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n her \u015feyi bilme, her \u015feye g\u00fcc\u00fc yetme niteli\u011fi insan\u0131n Tanr\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131na, birey kendini Tanr\u0131’yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmi\u015f, bu \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir narsisizm geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.
Narsisist ya da narsisist olmayan i\u015flev aras\u0131ndaki bu belirsizlik Budizm, Musevilik, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet ve Protestanl\u0131k gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck dinlerin \u00e7o\u011funda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Katolikli\u011fi ele al\u0131\u015f\u0131m yaln\u0131zca bunun iyi bilinen bir \u00f6rnek olmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil daha \u00e7ok Roma Katolik dininin ayn\u0131 tarihsel d\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde on be\u015finci ve on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, hem insanc\u0131l hem de \u015fiddetli ve ba\u011fnaz bir dinsel narsisizmin temeli olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Kilise’nin i\u00e7indeki ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fcmanistler H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olan bir insanc\u0131l\u0131k ad\u0131na konu\u015fuyorlard\u0131. Cusa’l\u0131 Nicholas herkese kar\u015f\u0131 dinsel ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcden yanayd\u0131; Ficino’nun \u00f6\u011fretisine g\u00f6re sevgi t\u00fcm yarat\u0131klann temel g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc; Erasmus kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f ve Kilise’nin demokratikle\u015ftirilmesini istiyordu; Kilise yasalar\u0131na ba\u015fkald\u0131ran Thomas More evrensellik ve insanca dayan\u0131\u015fma ilkeleri u\u011fruna \u00f6ld\u00fc; Nicholas ve Erasmus’un \u00e7izgisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Postel de evrensel bar\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fcnya birli\u011finden s\u00f6z ediyordu; Pico della Mirandola’y\u0131 izleyen Siculo da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fkuyla insan\u0131n onurunu, ak\u0131l ve erdemini, kusursuzluk yetisini vurguluyordu. H\u0131ristiyan insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fen bu insanlar ve daha pek \u00e7oklar\u0131, evrensellik, karde\u015flik, onur ve ak\u0131l ad\u0131na konu\u015fuyorlar, ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve bar\u0131\u015f u\u011frunda sava\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu ki\u015filerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na her iki yandan, hem Luther’den hem de Kilise’den ba\u011fnaz g\u00fc\u00e7ler \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu insanc\u0131lar y\u0131k\u0131mdan ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131; sonunda her iki yandaki ba\u011fnaz g\u00fc\u00e7ler a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131. Dinsel k\u0131y\u0131m ve sava\u015f Otuz Y\u0131l Sava\u015flan’n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131mla son buldu; bu y\u0131k\u0131m insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesine \u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe indirdi ki Avrupa bug\u00fcn bile kendini toparlayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp on alt\u0131 ve on yedinci y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki dinsel nefrete bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda o zamanki ak\u0131ld\u0131\u015f\u0131 durumu a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik g\u00f6rebiliriz. Her iki yan da Tanr\u0131, \u0130sa ve sevgi ad\u0131na konu\u015fuyor, ancak genel ilkelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ikinci derecede olan baz\u0131 noktalarda ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu. Oysa her iki yan da birbirinden nefret ediyor, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi dinsel inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bitti\u011fi yerde sona erdi\u011fine i\u00e7ten inan\u0131yordu. Ki\u015finin kendi durumunu \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6rmesinin, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her \u015feyden nefret etmesinin \u00f6z\u00fcnde kendine hayranl\u0131k yatar. “Biz” hayran olunacak durumday\u0131zd\u0131r; “onlar” nefret edilecek durumdad\u0131rlar. “Biz”, iyiyizdir, “onlar” k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcrler. Ki\u015finin kendi \u00f6\u011fretisine y\u00f6neltilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ele\u015ftiri, k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli ve dayan\u0131lmaz bir sald\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r; kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n durumunu ele\u015ftirmekse, onlar\u0131n hakikate d\u00f6nmelerine yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan iyi niyetli bir giri\u015fimdir.<\/p>\n

R\u00f6nesans’tan ba\u015flayarak bu iki b\u00fcy\u00fck kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00fc\u00e7, topluluk narsisizmi ve insanc\u0131l\u0131k, kendi \u00e7izgilerinde geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Ne yaz\u0131k ki topluluk narsisizminin geli\u015fmesi insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orta\u00e7a\u011f’ in sonlar\u0131yla R\u00f6nesans s\u0131ralar\u0131nda Avrupa’da siyasal ve dinsel bir insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131 umudu belirmi\u015fse de bu umut ger\u00e7ekle\u015fememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Topluluk narsisizminin, yeni bi\u00e7imleri t\u00fcreyerek sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. Bu topluluk narsisizmi dinsel, ulusal, \u0131rksal, siyasal binbir bi\u00e7ime girmi\u015ftir. Katoliklere kar\u015f\u0131 Protestanlar; Almanlar’a kar\u015f\u0131 Frans\u0131zlar; Karaderililere kar\u015f\u0131 Beyazlar; Yahudiler’e kar\u015f\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanlar; kapitalistlere kar\u015f\u0131 kom\u00fcnistler; i\u00e7erikleri ne olursa olsun bunlar\u0131n hepsinde ruhbilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ayn\u0131 narsisist olguyla, bu olgunun sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u011fnazl\u0131k ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6z ko-nusudur.<\/p>\n

Topluluk narsisizmi geli\u015firken onun kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan \u015fey de \u2014insanc\u0131l\u0131k da\u2014 geli\u015fiyordu. On sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u2014Spinoza, Leibniz, Rousseau, Herder ve Kant’tan Goethe’ye ve Marx’a dek\u2014 insanlar\u0131n bir oldu\u011fu, her bireyin kendi i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, do\u011fu\u015ftan \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu savunacak hi\u00e7bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 toplulu\u011fun bulunamayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00f6nem kazand\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa indirilen a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe olarak topluluk narsisizminin \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131: Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’na kat\u0131lan \u00fclkelerin hepsinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ulusal isteri, Hitler’in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Stalin’in partiyi putla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Hindu dinlerinin ba\u011fnazla\u015fmas\u0131, Bat\u0131’daki ba\u011fnaz anti-kom\u00fcnizm, Topluluk narsisizminin bu \u00e7e\u015fitli belirtileri d\u00fcnyay\u0131 t\u00fcmden yokolman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine getirdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bekleyen bu tehlikeye tepki olarak insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede, de\u011fi\u015fik ideolojilerin temsilcileri aras\u0131nda yeniden do\u011fmakta oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir; Katolik ve Protestan dinbilimcilerin, toplumcu ve toplumcu-olmayan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin aras\u0131nda k\u00f6ktenci insanc\u0131lar vard\u0131r. T\u00fcmden y\u0131k\u0131m tehlikesi, yeni insanc\u0131lar\u0131n fikirleri ve yeni ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla t\u00fcm insanlar aras\u0131nda kurulan ba\u011flar gibi \u015feylerin topluluk narsisizmini ortadan kald\u0131rmaya yetip yetmeyece\u011fi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen etken olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Topluluk narsisizminin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u2014olsa olsa din, ulus, \u0131rk ve parti narsisizmi diye ad de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi\u2014 ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir olgudur. Bu \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, her \u015feyden \u00e7ok, daha \u00f6nce de inceledi\u011fimiz gibi
Topluluk narsisizminin localar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dinsel mezhepler, “eski okul arkada\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131” vb. gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7eren daha zarars\u0131z bi\u00e7imleri vard\u0131r. Bunlarda narsisizmin yo\u011funlu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklara g\u00f6re az olmasa da narsisizm o denli tehlikeli de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc topluluklar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, bu y\u00fczden de zarar verme olanaklar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

R\u00f6nensans’tan bu yana insanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesinden gelmektedir. Bundan ba\u015fka geli\u015fmekte olan bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, narsisizmi anlams\u0131z k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bilimsel y\u00f6ntem nesnellik ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik gerektirir; d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi istek ve korkular\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re \u00e7arp\u0131tmadan oldu\u011fu gibi g\u00f6rebilmeyi zorunlu k\u0131lar. Ger\u00e7ek veriler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olmay\u0131, her \u015feyi bilebilme ve her \u015feye g\u00fcc\u00fc yetme umutlar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meyi gerektirir. Ele\u015ftirel bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilme, deneylere giri\u015fme, kan\u0131t bulma gereksinmesi duyma, ku\u015fkulu bir tutum edinme \u2014 bunlar\u0131n hepsi bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri ve narsisist e\u011filime kar\u015f\u0131t olan tutumu belirleyen y\u00f6ntemlerdir. Ku\u015fkusuz bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme y\u00f6nteminin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f yeni insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi olmu\u015ftur; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 do\u011fabilimcilerin \u00e7o\u011funun insanc\u0131 olmalar\u0131 da bir rastlant\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ne var ki Bat\u0131’daki insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu bilimsel y\u00f6ntemi okulda, \u00fcniversitede “\u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f” olsalar da bilimsel ve ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme y\u00f6ntemini hi\u00e7bir zaman ger\u00e7ekten tan\u0131mam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Do\u011fa bilimleri alan\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok profesyonel bile birer teknisyen olarak kalm\u0131\u015f, bilimsel bir tutum edinememi\u015ftir. Halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecek olursak, bunlara \u00f6\u011fretilen bilimsel y\u00f6ntem daha da az etkili olmu\u015ftur. Y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretimin ki\u015fi ve topluluk narsisizmini bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yumu\u015fat\u0131p azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylense de \u00f6\u011frenim, “e\u011fitilmi\u015f” bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f topluluk narsisizminin belirtileri olan ulusal, \u0131rksal ve siyasal eylemlere co\u015fkuyla kat\u0131lmaktan al\u0131koyamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilim hi\u00e7 beklenmedik bir bi\u00e7imde narsisizme yepyeni bir nesne yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u2014 teknik. \u0130nsan\u0131n daha \u00f6nce akla bile gelmeyen \u015feyleri yaratmaktan, radyoyu, televizyonu, atom g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, uzay yolculu\u011funu bulmaktan, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yokedebilecek bir g\u00fc\u00e7 geli\u015ftirmekten duydu\u011fu narsisist k\u0131van\u00e7 ona kendi kendini b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6rmesine neden olacak yepyeni bir nesne kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modern \u00e7a\u011fda narsisizmin geli\u015fmesi sorununu incelerken Freud’un, Copernicus ve Darwin’in (Freud’un kendisinin de) insan\u0131n narsisizmini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zedeledikleri konusundaki s\u00f6zleri geliyor akla; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar insan\u0131n evrende e\u015fsiz bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131, temel ve vazge-\u00e7ilmez bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu yolla zedelenmi\u015f olsa da insan\u0131n narsisizmi san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir, insan bu zedelenmeye kar\u015f\u0131 narsisizmini ulus, \u0131rk, siyasal inan\u00e7, teknik gibi ba\u015fka nesnelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek tepkide bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Topluluk narsisizmi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili en belirgin, en \u00e7ok rastlanan belirti, bireysel narsisizmde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi nesnelli\u011fin ve akla uygun yarg\u0131lar\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Zavall\u0131 Beyazlann Karaderililerle ilgili ya da Naziler’in Yahudilerle ilgili yarg\u0131lar\u0131na bakarsak bu yarg\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7arp\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kolayl\u0131kla g\u00f6rebiliriz. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ger\u00e7ekler bir araya toplan\u0131r; oysa bu yolla olu\u015fturulan b\u00fct\u00fcn, yalanlar ve uydurmalarla doludur. Siyasal eylemler narsisist bir bi\u00e7imde kendini y\u00fcceltmeden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda nesnelli\u011fin bulunmamas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131mlar do\u011far. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda ulusal narsisizmin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n en belirgin iki \u00f6rne\u011fine tan\u0131k olduk. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan y\u0131llar \u00f6nce Frans\u0131zlarca benimsenen resmi stratejik \u00f6\u011fretide Frans\u0131z ordusunun a\u011f\u0131r toplara ya da \u00e7ok say\u0131da makineli t\u00fcfe\u011fe gereksinme duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunuluyordu; Frans\u0131z askeri Frans\u0131zlar’a \u00f6zg\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fcpeklik ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131k ruhuyla \u00f6ylesine doluydu ki d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 yenebilmesi i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca s\u00fcng\u00fcs\u00fc yeterdi. Sonu\u00e7 binlerce Frans\u0131z askerinin Alman makineli t\u00fcfekleriyle bi\u00e7ilmesi oldu; Frans\u0131zlar\u0131 yenilgiden kurtaran tek \u015fey Almanlar’\u0131n stratejik planlar\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flarla daha sonra yap\u0131lan Amerikan yard\u0131m olmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda da buna benzer bir yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 Almanlar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ki\u015fisel narsisizmi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Hitler milyonlarca Alman’\u0131n topluluk narsisizmini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtm\u0131\u015f, Almanya’n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f, yaln\u0131zca Birle\u015fik Amerika’n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil \u2014\u00f6teki narsisist general Napoleon gibi\u2014 Rusya’daki k\u0131\u015f\u0131n etkisini de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemi\u015fti. Zeki olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Hitler ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi nesnel bir g\u00f6zle g\u00f6remiyordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun kazanma ve y\u00f6netme tutkusu sil\u00e2hlann, iklimin ger\u00e7ekliklerine a\u011f\u0131r bas\u0131yordu.
Topluluk narsisizmi de t\u0131pk\u0131 bireysel narsisizm gibi doygunlu\u011fa gereksinme duyar. Bir d\u00fczeyde bu doygunluk insan\u0131n kendi toplulu\u011funun \u00fcst\u00fcn, \u00f6teki b\u00fct\u00fcn topluluklar\u0131nsa a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa ortakla\u015fa inanmakla sa\u011flan\u0131r. Dinsel topluluklarda bu doygunluk \u015fu kolay varsay\u0131mla kazan\u0131l\u0131r: Benim toplulu\u011fum ger\u00e7ek Tanr\u0131’ya inanan tek topluluktur; bu y\u00fczden tek ger\u00e7ek Tanr\u0131 benim Tanr\u0131m oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re \u00f6teki topluluklann hepsi sapt\u0131nlm\u0131\u015f, inan\u00e7s\u0131z ki\u015filerle doludur. Bir toplulu\u011fun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in Tanr\u0131’ya ba\u015fvurulmasa bile topluluk narsisizmi dinsel olmayan bir d\u00fczeyde benzer sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fabilir. Birle\u015fik Amerika’n\u0131n ve G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerlerinde Beyazlann Karaderililerden \u00fcst\u00fcn olduklar\u0131 yolundaki narsisist inan\u00e7lar\u0131 bir toplulu\u011fun ba\u015fka bir topluluk kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6z\u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme duygusunun s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ama bir toplulu\u011fun narsisist bir bi\u00e7imde kendini be\u011fenmesinin getirdi\u011fi doygunlu\u011fun, ger\u00e7eklik i\u00e7inde bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde do\u011frulanmas\u0131 da gerekir. Alabama ve G\u00fcney Afrika’daki Beyazlar Karaderililer \u00fczerinde toplumsal, ekonomik ve siyasal aynm g\u00f6zeten yasalarla \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini g\u00f6sterebildikleri s\u00fcrece narsisist inan\u00e7lar\u0131na bir ger\u00e7eklik \u00f6\u011fesi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylece t\u00fcm narsisist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sistemi do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 mant\u0131k Naziler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir; onlara g\u00f6re de Yahudiler’in t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini kan\u0131tlayacakt\u0131 (bir sadistin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, \u00f6ld\u00fcrenin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlar). Bununla birlikte narsisist bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck duygusu i\u00e7inde olan toplulu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda narsisist doygunlu\u011fun nesnesi olarak kullan\u0131lacak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, \u00e7aresiz bir az\u0131nl\u0131k yoksa toplulu\u011fun narsisizmi kolayl\u0131kla askeri fetihlere kayacakt\u0131r; 1914’ten \u00f6nceki Pan-Almanc\u0131l\u0131k ve Pan-Slavc\u0131l\u0131k fikirlerinde izlenen yol bu olmu\u015ftur. Her iki durumda da uluslar “se\u00e7kin ulus” olma rol\u00fcnde \u00f6tekilere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck duygular\u0131yla doluydular, bu y\u00fczden \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini kabul etmeyen uluslara sald\u0131rmakta kendilerini hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Burada Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n “tek” nedeninin Pan-Almanc\u0131l\u0131k ve Pan-Slavc\u0131l\u0131k hareketlerindeki narsisizm oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek istemiyorum; ama bu hareketlerin ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n patlamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an etkenlerden biriydi. Bunun \u00f6tesinde, sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015fla-as\u0131ndan sonra \u00e7e\u015fitli h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in gerekli ruhsal ko\u015ful olarak ulusal narsisizmleri nas\u0131l k\u00f6r\u00fcklemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde unutmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n

Topluluk narsisizmi zedelendi\u011fi zaman da bireysel narsisizmde inceledi\u011fimiz \u00f6fke tepkisini g\u00f6rebiliriz. Tarihte topluluk narsisizmi simgelerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n delili\u011fe yak\u0131n bir \u00f6fke yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rnek vard\u0131r. Bayra\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k; Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n, imparatorun, \u00f6nderin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131; sava\u015f\u0131n ya da topra\u011f\u0131n yitirilmesi \u2014 bunlar\u0131n hepsi kitlelerde \u015fiddetli \u00f6\u00e7 alma duygulan uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, sonunda yeni sava\u015flara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zedelenen narsisizm ancak sald\u0131rgan\u0131n ezilmesiyle, narsisizme y\u00f6neltilen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131laman\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla kurtanlabilir. ister bireysel isterse ulusal olsun \u00f6\u00e7 alma duygusu, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman zedelenmi\u015f narsisizmden, bu zedelenmeyi sald\u0131rgan\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak bir anlamda “tedavi etme” gereksinmesinden do\u011far.<\/p>\n

Narsisist hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n son bir \u00f6\u011fesini daha eklemek istiyorum bunlara. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 narsisist bir topluluk kendisini \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirebilece\u011fi bir \u00f6nder bulmak ister. Topluluk, kendi narsisizmini yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00f6ndere hayranl\u0131k duyar. Asl\u0131nda birlikte-ya\u015fama ve \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmeden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmayan bu \u00f6ndere boyun e\u011fme durumu i\u00e7inde bireyin narsisizmi \u00f6ndere aktar\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6nder nedenli b\u00fcy\u00fckse onun izleyicileri de o denli b\u00fcy\u00fck olacakt\u0131r. Bireysel yap\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, \u00f6zellikle kendilerine hayran olan ki\u015filer \u00f6nderin pe\u015fine tak\u0131lmaya en yatk\u0131n olan ki\u015filerdir. Kendisinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inanm\u0131\u015f bu konuda hi\u00e7bir ku\u015fkusu olmayan \u00f6nderin narsisizmi kendisine boyune\u011fenlerin narsisizmine son derece \u00e7ekici gelir. Yar\u0131 deli \u00f6nderler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlard\u0131r; ama nesnel yarg\u0131dan yoksun olmalan, yenilgi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdikleri \u00f6fkeli tepkiler, her \u015feyi yapabilen bir insan imgesini koruma gereksinmeleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bunlar yanl\u0131\u015flara d\u00fc\u015ferek kendi y\u0131k\u0131mlann\u0131 haz\u0131rlarlar. Ne var ki narsisist kitlenin isteklerini doyuracak, yetenekli ama yan psikozlu ki\u015filer her zaman bulunabilir.<\/p>\n

Buraya dek narsisizm olgusunu, bu olgunun hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bi\u00e7imini, biyolojik ve toplumsal i\u015flevini ele ald\u0131k. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz: Narsisizm tehlikesiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, belli bir s\u0131nr\u0131 a\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece gerekli ve de\u011ferli bir e\u011filimdir. Bununla birlikte tan\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z tamamlanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir, insan yaln\u0131zca biyolojik ve toplumsal olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekle de\u011fil, de\u011ferlerle, kendisini insan yapan de\u011ferlerin geli\u015ftirilmesiyle de u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r.
De\u011ferler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda narsisizmin ak\u0131l ve sevgiyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunun aynnt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde anlat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmez. Narsisist e\u011filim \u2014yo\u011funlu\u011funa g\u00f6re\u2014 yap\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi ki\u015fiyi ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi oldu\u011fu gibi g\u00f6rmekten, nesnel olarak alg\u0131lamaktan al\u0131koyar; ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle akl\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fini k\u0131s\u0131tlar. Narsisist e\u011filimin sevgiyi neden k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmek bu denli kolay olmayabilir \u2014 \u00f6zellikle Freud’un b\u00fct\u00fcn sevgilerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc narsisist bir tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6\u011fe bulundu\u011funu belirten s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek i\u015f daha da g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fir; Freud’a g\u00f6re bir kad\u0131na \u00e2\u015f\u0131k olan erkek kad\u0131n\u0131 kendi narsisizminin nesnesi yapar; bu y\u00fczden erke\u011fin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan kad\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir g\u00fc\u00e7le arzulanan bir varl\u0131k olur. Kad\u0131n da erkek kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayn\u0131 tutumu izleyebilir; b\u00f6ylece sevgi de\u011fil de bir t\u00fcr\/o\/\/e \u00e2 deux (iki ki\u015filik \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k) olan “b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u015fk” ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Her iki ki\u015fi de narsisizmlerinden kurtulmu\u015f de\u011fillerdir; (ba\u015fkalar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle dursun) birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 bile ger\u00e7ek, derin bir ilgi duyamazlar; al\u0131ngan ve ku\u015fkuludurlar; b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla ikisi de kendilerine taze, narsisist doyumlar sa\u011flayacak yeni ki\u015filere gereksinme duyacaklard\u0131r. Narsisist ki\u015finin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde e\u015fi hi\u00e7bir zaman kendi haklar\u0131 olan ya da kendi ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi i\u00e7inde varolan birisi de\u011fildir, yaln\u0131zca e\u015finin narsisist bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcceltilmi\u015f benli\u011finin bir g\u00f6lgesidir. Oysa hastal\u0131kl\u0131 olmayan sevgi iki insan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 narsisizmine dayanmaz. Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 olmayan sevgi, kendilerini iki ayr\u0131 varl\u0131k olarak alg\u0131layan ama genelde birbirleriyle a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fen iki ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda kurulan s\u00fcrekli bir ili\u015fkidir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck insanc\u0131 dinlerdeki temel \u00f6\u011fretilerin \u015fu tek c\u00fcmleyle \u00f6zetlenebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek narsisizm olgusunun ahlaksal ruhsal a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemi a\u00e7\u0131k olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: insan\u0131n amac\u0131, narsisizmini yenmektir. Bu ilke belki hi\u00e7bir yerde Budizm’de oldu\u011fundan daha k\u00f6ktenci bir bi\u00e7imde dile getirilmemi\u015ftir. Buda’n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretisinde \u00f6zet olarak insan\u0131n ac\u0131lar\u0131ndan ancak i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sanr\u0131lardan uyanmas\u0131 ve kendi ger\u00e7ekli\u011finin fark\u0131na varmas\u0131yla kurtulabilece\u011fi belirtilir; insan hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek oldu\u011funu, a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fckle pe\u015finden ko\u015ftu\u011fu ama\u00e7lar\u0131n olanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmelidir. Budist \u00f6\u011fretinin s\u00f6z etti\u011fi “uyanm\u0131\u015f” ki\u015fi, narsisizmini yenmi\u015f, bu nedenle b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bilin\u00e7lenebilecek bir ki\u015fidir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi de\u011fi\u015fik bir bi\u00e7imde de s\u00f6yleyebiliriz: insan yokedilemeyen benlik sanr\u0131s\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7er, a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm \u00f6teki nesneleriyle birlikte bunu da bir yana atabilirse, d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131labilir ve ancak o zaman d\u00fcnyaya t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgi duyabilir. Ruhbilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle uyanma s\u00fcreci, narsisizm yerine d\u00fcnyaya ilgi duyma tutumunun benimsenmesiyle ayn\u0131 \u015feydir.<\/p>\n

\u0130brani ve H\u0131ristiyan geleneklerinde ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7 narsisizmin yenilmesi demek olan \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla belirtilmi\u015ftir. Tevrat’ta \u015f\u00f6yle denir: “Kom\u015funu kendin gibi sev.” Burada istenen \u015fey insan\u0131n narsisizmini, kom\u015fusunu hi\u00e7 de\u011filse kendisi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde sevecek noktaya dek yenebilmesidir. Ama Tevrat’ta bundan da ileri gidilerek “yabanc\u0131” birini sevmemiz de istenir. (Yabanc\u0131n\u0131n ruhunu anlars\u0131n\u0131z, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc siz kendiniz de M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131nda yabanc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.) Yabanc\u0131 benim klan\u0131mdan, benini ailemden, benim ulusumdan olmayan ki\u015fidir; narsisist bir bi\u00e7imde ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fum toplulu\u011fun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 de\u011fildir o. Tek \u00f6zelli\u011fi insan olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hermann Cohen’in belirtti\u011fi gibi, yabanc\u0131 ki\u015finin i\u00e7indeki insan yan\u0131 bulup \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131z gerekir.Yabanc\u0131 birine duyulan sevgide narsisist sevgi yok olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu, bir insan\u0131 benden oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kendi \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7inde, benden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sevmem demektir. Tevrat’taki “d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n\u0131 sev” s\u00f6z\u00fc ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin daha a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde yinelenmesidir. Yabanc\u0131y\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle bir insan olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsan\u0131z ortada art\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fman diye bir \u015fey de kalmayacakt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc art\u0131k siz kendiniz tam bir insan olmu\u015fsunuzdur. Yabanc\u0131y\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 sevebilmek yaln\u0131zca narsisizmin yenilmesiyle, “ben sen oldu\u011fumda” ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir.
Peygamber \u00f6\u011fretilerinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan putlarla sava\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda narsisizme kar\u015f\u0131 verilen bir sava\u015ft\u0131r. Putatapma’da insan\u0131n belli bir yan\u0131 mutlakla\u015ft\u0131nlm\u0131\u015f, putla\u015ft\u0131nlm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece insan yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rlm\u0131\u015f bir bi\u00e7imde kendine tapar. Saplan\u0131p kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 put, onun narsisist tutkusunun nesnesi durumuna gelir. Tanr\u0131 fikri, tam tersine narsisizmin yads\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her \u015feyi bilen ve her \u015feye g\u00fcc\u00fc yeten varl\u0131k \u2014insan de\u011fil\u2014 Tanr\u0131’d\u0131r. Tan\u0131mlanamaz ve a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz bir Tanr\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bir bak\u0131ma putla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ve narsisizmin yads\u0131nmas\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015fsa da Tanr\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede gene putla\u015ft\u0131nlm\u0131\u015f, insan kendisini narsisist bir bi\u00e7imde Tanr\u0131’yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir; b\u00f6ylece Tanr\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki i\u015flevine ters d\u00fc\u015ferek din, topluluk narsisizminin belirtisi olup \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle olgunla\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in hem bireysel hem de toplumsal narsisizminden kurtulmas\u0131 gerekir. Burada ruhbilimsel terimlerle anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu ak\u0131lsa! geli\u015fme temelde insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck ruhsal \u00f6nderlerinin dinsel-ruhsal terimlerle anlatt\u0131klan geli\u015fmeyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Terimler de\u011fi\u015fik olsa da \u00e7e\u015fitli kavramlarla anlat\u0131lan \u00f6z ve deneyler de\u011fi\u015fmez.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n zihinsel geli\u015fmesiyle ak\u0131lsal-duygusal geli\u015fmesi aras\u0131nda belli bir \u00e7eli\u015fkinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel bir d\u00f6nemde ya\u015f\u0131yoruz; insan\u0131n zihinsel geli\u015fmesi bir\u00e7ok y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sil\u00e2hlar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ak\u0131lsal-duygusal geli\u015fmesiyse insan\u0131 hastal\u0131kl\u0131 t\u00fcm belirtileriyle birlikte belli bir narsisizmden kurtaramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7eli\u015fkinin kolayl\u0131kla yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi bir y\u0131k\u0131mdan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in ne yap\u0131labilir? B\u00fct\u00fcn dinsel \u00f6\u011fretilere kar\u015f\u0131n insan\u0131n daha \u00f6nce ba\u015faramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015feyi ba\u015farabilme, yak\u0131n bir gelecekte olumlu bir ad\u0131m atabilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 var m\u0131d\u0131r? Yoksa narsisizm insan\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u00e7ok k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir de Freud’un d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi insan bu “narsisist \u00f6z\u00fcnden” hi\u00e7bir zaman kurtulamayacak m\u0131d\u0131r? Narsisist \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendisini y\u0131k\u0131ma g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeden insan\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle insan olabilme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yakalama umudu var m\u0131d\u0131r? Bu sorular\u0131 kimse yamtlayamaz. Olsa olsa insan\u0131n bu y\u0131k\u0131mdan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak uygun olas\u0131l\u0131klar \u00fczerinde durulabilir.<\/p>\n

Bize en kolay g\u00f6r\u00fcnen yoldan ba\u015flayabiliriz buna. Her insan\u0131n i\u00e7indeki narsisist enerjiyi azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaks\u0131z\u0131n nesneyi de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliriz. Ulus, \u0131rk ya da siyasal d\u00fczen yerine topluluk narsisizminin nesnesi insanl\u0131k yani t\u00fcm\u00fcyle insanl\u0131k ailesi olursa \u00e7ok \u015fey \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Birey kendisini her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bir d\u00fcnya vatanda\u015f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rebilirse, insanl\u0131ktan ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n basanlar\u0131ndan \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00e7 duymay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenirse, o zaman narsisizminin nesnesi olarak birbiriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan ulusal topluluklar\u0131 de\u011fil de t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimseyecektir. T\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin e\u011fitim d\u00fczenleri i\u00e7inde uluslar\u0131n basanlar\u0131 yerine insan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lara \u00f6nem verilse insan olma k\u0131vanc\u0131 daha inand\u0131nc\u0131 ve daha etkileyici bir bi\u00e7imde duyurulabilir. Yunanl\u0131 ozan\u0131n Antigone’de. “\u0130nsan olmaktan daha g\u00fczel bir \u015fey yoktur” s\u00f6z\u00fcyle dile getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 duygu herkesin payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir deney olsayd\u0131, ku\u015fkusuz ileriye do\u011fru b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olurdu. Aynca buna bir \u00f6\u011fenin daha eklenmesi gerekirdi: Yararl\u0131 narsisizmden, yani insan\u0131 ba\u015fanya g\u00f6t\u00fcren narsisizmden de daha g\u00fczel bir \u015fey yoktur. Herkesin ben bu \u0131rktan\u0131m diyerek k\u0131van\u00e7 duyaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri yaln\u0131zca bir tek grup, bir tek s\u0131n\u0131f, bir tek din de\u011fil, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle insanl\u0131k \u00fcstlenmelidir, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortak g\u00f6revler bekliyor: Hastal\u0131\u011fa ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 elele sava\u015fmak, haberle\u015fme ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yararlanarak bilgiyi ve sanat\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm halklar\u0131na yaymak. Kabul etmek gerekir ki siyasal ve dinsel ideolojilerdeki t\u00fcm ayr\u0131l\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131n kendisini bu ortak g\u00f6revlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutabilecek hi\u00e7bir insan kesimi yoktur; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 insanlann e\u015fitsizli\u011finin do\u011fal ya da tanr\u0131sal oldu\u011fu, insan\u0131n insan\u0131\u00a0 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesinin de zorunlu ya da yasal oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131n bir daha dirilemeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ezilmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. R\u00f6nesans insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, burjuva devrimleri, Rus ve \u00c7in devrimleriyle s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrimler \u2014 bunlann hepsi bir tek ortak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye dayan\u0131r: \u0130nsanlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi. Bu devrimlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu d\u00fczenler i\u00e7inde insanlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011finin zedelenmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fsa da ger\u00e7ek olan t\u00fcm insanlann e\u015fitli\u011fi, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve onurlulu\u011fu fikri d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, uygarl\u0131k tarihine k\u0131sa bir zaman \u00f6ncesine dek egemen olan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere d\u00f6nebilece\u011fi art\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n

Yararl\u0131 narsisizmin nesnesi olarak insan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n ve onun ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n imgesi Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler gibi uluslar\u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctler taraf\u0131ndan da temsil edilebilir; bu \u00f6rg\u00fct kendi simgelerini, bayramlar\u0131n\u0131, \u015f\u00f6lenlerini yaratmaya da ba\u015flayabilir. Oysa y\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bayram\u0131n\u0131n ulusal bayramlar de\u011fil, “insanl\u0131k” g\u00fcn\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ne var ki b\u00f6yle bir geli\u015fmenin bir\u00e7ok ulusun, sonunda b\u00fct\u00fcn uluslann, kendi ulusal egemenliklerinden, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n egemenli\u011fi u\u011fruna vazge\u00e7ebilmeleriyle, bunu istemeleriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r; bu yaln\u0131z siyasal ger\u00e7eklikler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda duygusal ger\u00e7eklikler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da ba\u015fanlmal\u0131d\u0131r. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletleri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmenin, topluluklar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ak\u0131ll\u0131 ve ban\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir yolla \u00e7\u00f6zmenin, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve onun ortak ba\u015fanlann\u0131 topluluk narsisizminin nesnesi k\u0131labilmek i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortadad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Narsisizm nesnesinin tek tek topluluklardan t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011fa ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak basanlar\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fimiz gibi ulusal ve ideolojik narsisizm tehlikelerini \u00f6nleyecektir. Ama bu yeterli de\u011fildir. Siyasal ve dinsel ideallere ba\u011fl\u0131ysak hem H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k’\u0131n hem bu t\u00fcr bir giri\u015fim i\u00e7in gerekli daha etkin \u00f6nlemlere bir \u00f6rnek olarak birka\u00e7 \u00f6neride bulunmak istiyorum. Tarih kitaplar\u0131 d\u00fcnya tarihi kitaplar\u0131 olarak yeniden yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r, her \u00fclkedeki d\u00fcnya haritalar\u0131 nas\u0131l birbirinin ayn\u0131ysa, \u00fclkelerin boyutlar\u0131 her \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcp \u015fi\u015firilmiyorsa, tarih kitaplar\u0131nda da her ulusun ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lmadan verilmelidir. Dahas\u0131 \u00f6yle filmler yap\u0131labilir ki bunlar insan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin k\u0131vanc\u0131n\u0131 duyurur; insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve onun ortak ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7e\u015fitli topluluklar\u0131n att\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek tek ad\u0131mlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6sterilebilir.
Ku\u015faklar boyu s\u00fcrecek de olsa bunun ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131na \u015fimdi eskiye g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha yak\u0131n\u0131z; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc art\u0131k herkesin onurlu, insanca bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaratma olana\u011f\u0131na sahibiz. Tekni\u011fin geli\u015fmesi bir toplulu\u011fun \u00f6tekini tutsak etme ya da s\u00f6m\u00fcrme gereksinmesini ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131r; bu geli\u015fme ekonomik bak\u0131mdan akla yatk\u0131n bir eylem olan sava\u015f\u0131 gereksiz bir duruma sokmu\u015ftur; insan ilk kez yar\u0131-hayvan olma durumundan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle insan olma durumuna ge\u00e7ecek, bu y\u00fczden de maddi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yoksullu\u011funu \u00f6d\u00fcnlemek i\u00e7in narsisist doyumlar pe\u015finde ko\u015fmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu yeni ko\u015fullarda bilimsel ve insanc\u0131 e\u011filimlerle insan\u0131n narsisizmini yenme \u00e7abalar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olunabilir. Daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fim gibi e\u011fitim \u00e7abalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 her \u015feyden \u00f6nce tekni\u011fe de\u011fil, bilimsel bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru kayd\u0131rmal\u0131y\u0131z; bu kayd\u0131rma ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi, nesnelli\u011fi, ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi kabul etmekten, hi\u00e7bir d\u0131\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc tan\u0131mayacak ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplulukta ge\u00e7erli olacak bir hakikat kavram\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmekten yana olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Uygar uluslar gen\u00e7 ku\u015fakla-r\u0131nda temel bir bilimsellik e\u011filimi yaratabilirlerse narsisizme kar\u015f\u0131 verilen sava\u015fta \u00e7ok \u015fey ba\u015far\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye yard\u0131m edecek ikinci bir etken de insanc\u0131 felsefenin ve insanbilimin \u00f6\u011fretilmesidir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve dinsel ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bekleyemeyiz. Aynca bunu istemememiz de gerekir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc “Ortodoks” oldu\u011funu savunan bir d\u00fczenin yerle\u015fmesi ikinci bir narsisist gerileme kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu ayr\u0131mlara dokunmasak bile ortak bir insanl\u0131k inanc\u0131 ve deneyi vard\u0131r. Bu inan\u00e7 her bireyin t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendi i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, zek\u00e2, yetenek, boy pos, renk gibi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ayr\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131n “insanl\u0131k du-rumu”nun de\u011fi\u015fmez ve t\u00fcm insanlarda ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fudur. Bu insanl\u0131k deneyi, insanla ilgili hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin bize yabanc\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, “Ben’in Sen oldu\u011fu”, iki insanda insan varolu\u015funun \u00f6\u011felerinin ortak olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 birbirlerini anlayabilecekleri duygusundan do\u011far. Bu insanc\u0131 deneyi sonuna dek ya\u015fayabilmek i\u00e7in bilin\u00e7 alan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 geni\u015fletmemiz gerekir. Bilin\u00e7 alan\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7o\u011funlukla i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z toplumun izin verdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015famaz. Toplumun koydu\u011fu bu s\u0131n\u0131rlara uymayan insan deneyimleri bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden bilincimiz b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde
kendi toplumumuzu ve kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc yans\u0131t\u0131r; oysa bilin\u00e7alt\u0131m\u0131z herbirimizin i\u00e7indeki evrensel insan\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. Bilin\u00e7 alan\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi, bilin\u00e7lili\u011fin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, toplumsal bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131n ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 insan\u0131n t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendi i\u00e7inde duymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r; insan o zaman hem g\u00fcnahk\u00e2r hem ermi\u015f, hem \u00e7ocuk hem ergin, hem ak\u0131ll\u0131 hem deli, hem ge\u00e7mi\u015fin hem de gelece\u011fin insan\u0131 oldu\u011funun fark\u0131na varacakt\u0131r \u2014 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha \u00f6nce ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi t\u00fcm evreleri, gelecekte ge\u00e7irece\u011fi her \u015feyi kendi i\u00e7inde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanc\u0131 gelene\u011fimizde insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 temsil ettiklerini savunan t\u00fcm dinsel, siyasal ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel d\u00fczenlerce giri\u015filecek ger\u00e7ek bir yeniden-do\u011fu\u015f bence bug\u00fcn varolan en \u00f6nemli “yenilik”e \u2014insan\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle insan olarak geli\u015fmesine\u2014 yol a\u00e7acak ilerlemeyi sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmekle R\u00f6nesans insanc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yaln\u0131zca e\u011fiti-in, insanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde belirleyici bir ad\u0131m olaca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek istemiyorum. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6\u011fretiler gerekli toplumsal, ekonomik ve siyasal ko\u015fullar sa\u011fland\u0131ktan sonra etkili olabilir ancak: \u00d6rg\u00fctsel sanayile\u015fme yerine insanc\u0131-toplumcu bir sanayile\u015fme; sorumlulu\u011fun bir merkezde toplanmas\u0131 yerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131; \u00f6rg\u00fct insan\u0131 yerine sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131yan, her \u015feyi payla\u015fan vatanda\u015flar; ulusal egemenliklerin yerine insan \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n ve onun se\u00e7kin organlar\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011finin ge\u00e7erli k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131; “Varl\u0131kl\u0131” \u00fclkelerin “Varl\u0131ks\u0131z” \u00fclkelerin ekonomik durumlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek \u00fczere onlarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak ortak \u00e7abaya giri\u015fmeleri; evrensel bir sil\u00e2hs\u0131zlanmayla eldeki hammadde kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6revler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilmesi. Evrensel sil\u00e2hs\u0131zlanma ba\u015fka bir nedenle de zorunludur: \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir yar\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6teki yar\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yok edilme korkusuyla ya\u015f\u0131yorsa, geri kalan kesimi de her iki blokun kendisini yokedece\u011fi korkusunu duyuyorsa, o zaman topluluk narsisizmi ger\u00e7ekten ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz, insan ancak, kendisinin ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonraki y\u0131la \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131ndan emin oldu\u011fu, daha pek \u00e7ok y\u0131l ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi bir ortamda ger\u00e7ekten duyabilir insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Topluluk narsisizminin \u015fimdiye dek ele almad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ba\u015fka bir toplumsal i\u015flevi daha vard\u0131r. Bir toplum, \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011funu ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimini yeterince besleyemiyorsa, toplumsal huzursuzlu\u011fu \u00f6nleyebilmek i\u00e7in hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bir narsisizmle doyum sa\u011flamak zorundad\u0131r onlara. Ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan yoksul olan insanlar i\u00e7in o toplulu\u011fun bir \u00fcyesi olman\u0131n verdi\u011fi narsisist k\u0131van\u00e7 tek \u2014ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00e7ok […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-6034","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-psikoloji"},"yoast_head":"\nBireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Topluluk narsisizminin \u015fimdiye dek ele almad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ba\u015fka bir toplumsal i\u015flevi daha vard\u0131r. Bir toplum, \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011funu ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimini yeterince besleyemiyorsa, toplumsal huzursuzlu\u011fu \u00f6nleyebilmek i\u00e7in hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bir narsisizmle doyum sa\u011flamak zorundad\u0131r onlara. Ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan yoksul olan insanlar i\u00e7in o toplulu\u011fun bir \u00fcyesi olman\u0131n verdi\u011fi narsisist k\u0131van\u00e7 tek \u2014ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00e7ok […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2011-06-02T09:58:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"90\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"32 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm\",\"datePublished\":\"2011-06-02T09:58:46+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/\"},\"wordCount\":6377,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Psikoloji\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/\",\"name\":\"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm - narteks.net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2011-06-02T09:58:46+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"description\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"narteks.net\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":90,\"caption\":\"narteks.net\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/x.com\/narteks\",\"https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\",\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Tar\u0131k\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\/\/narteks.net\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm - narteks.net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm","og_description":"Topluluk narsisizminin \u015fimdiye dek ele almad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ba\u015fka bir toplumsal i\u015flevi daha vard\u0131r. Bir toplum, \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011funu ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimini yeterince besleyemiyorsa, toplumsal huzursuzlu\u011fu \u00f6nleyebilmek i\u00e7in hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bir narsisizmle doyum sa\u011flamak zorundad\u0131r onlara. Ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan yoksul olan insanlar i\u00e7in o toplulu\u011fun bir \u00fcyesi olman\u0131n verdi\u011fi narsisist k\u0131van\u00e7 tek \u2014ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00e7ok […]","og_url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/","og_site_name":"narteks.net","article_published_time":"2011-06-02T09:58:46+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":90,"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Tar\u0131k","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@narteks","twitter_site":"@narteks","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":"Tar\u0131k","Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"32 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/"},"author":{"name":"Tar\u0131k","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca"},"headline":"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm","datePublished":"2011-06-02T09:58:46+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/"},"wordCount":6377,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Psikoloji"],"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/","name":"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm - narteks.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website"},"datePublished":"2011-06-02T09:58:46+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2011\/06\/02\/bireysel-ve-toplumsal-narsisizm-nasil-olusur-2bolum-erich-fromm\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Bireysel ve toplumsal narsisizm nas\u0131l olu\u015fur ?(2.B\u00f6l\u00fcm) | Erich Fromm"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","name":"narteks.net","description":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization"},"alternateName":"K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Edebiyat Felsefe","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization","name":"narteks.net","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/narteks.png","width":300,"height":90,"caption":"narteks.net"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/narteks","https:\/\/instagram.com\/narteksnet"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca","name":"Tar\u0131k","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr","@id":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/50865afb55632c4ae467e0af0930f6510aa2297d8014be502a55b14f3b7550cf?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Tar\u0131k"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/narteks.net"],"url":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/author\/narbak\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6034","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6034"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6034\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6034"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6034"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6034"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}