{"id":682,"date":"2009-04-16T16:42:09","date_gmt":"2009-04-16T13:42:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/"},"modified":"2009-04-16T16:42:09","modified_gmt":"2009-04-16T13:42:09","slug":"maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/","title":{"rendered":"Maddenin Temel Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 | T\u00fcbitak"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Standart Model<\/strong><\/p>\n

Standart Model’e g\u00f6re evrende, temel par\u00e7ac\u0131k olarak sadece;
* 6 \u00e7e\u015fit kuark,<\/p>\n

\n

* 6 \u00e7e\u015fit lepton,<\/p>\n

* bunlar\u0131n ‘kar\u015f\u0131t’ par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ile,<\/p>\n

* foton, 8 \u00e7e\u015fit gluon ve 3 \u00e7e\u015fit ‘vekt\u00f6r bozon’dan olu\u015fan ‘kuvvet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131’ par\u00e7ac\u0131klar var.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Kuarklarla leptonlar, kuvvet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla etkile\u015fime girerek, evrendeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr maddenin t\u00fcm\u00fcne v\u00fccut veriyor. Kuark ve lepton \u00e7e\u015fitlerine ‘\u00e7e\u015fni’ (flavor) de deniyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, kuarklarla leptonlar\u0131n 6’\u015far farkl\u0131 ‘\u00e7e\u015fni’si var. Hepsinin de, i\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131 olmayan temel par\u00e7ac\u0131klar olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Standart Model’in, k\u00fctle\u00e7ekimini de kapsayacak \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f halinde bir de, par\u00e7ac\u0131klarla etkile\u015fime girerek onlara k\u00fctle kazand\u0131ran Higgs bozonu var.<\/p>\n

Kuarklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuarklar, k\u00fctle a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hafiften a\u011f\u0131ra do\u011fru;<\/p>\n

* yukar\u0131 ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131,
* t\u0131ls\u0131m ve garip,
* \u00fcst ve alt<\/p>\n

kuark ikililerinden olu\u015fuyorlar. Bunlar\u0131n birer de kar\u015f\u0131t (anti) kuarklar\u0131 var. Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar \u0130ngilizce adlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ba\u015fharfleriyle;<\/p>\n

* yukar\u0131 ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131; u ve d (‘up’ ve ‘down’),
* t\u0131ls\u0131m ve garip; c ve s (‘charm’ ve ‘strange’),
* \u00fcst ve alt; t ve b, (‘top’ ve ‘bottom’)<\/p>\n

olarak g\u00f6steriliyor. Kar\u015f\u0131t par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ise; ‘yukar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t’ ve ‘a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t’ kuark, ‘garip kar\u015f\u0131t’ ve ‘t\u0131ls\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131t’ kuark, ‘\u00fcst kar\u015f\u0131t’ ve ‘alt kar\u015f\u0131t’ kuark olarak isimlendiriliyor ve kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olduklar\u0131 kuarklar\u0131n simgelerinin \u00fczerine birer \u00e7izgi konularak g\u00f6steriliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin ‘yukar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131t kuark’\u0131n simgesi \u016b oluyor. Par\u00e7ac\u0131klarda tabii; a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 veya yukar\u0131, alt ya da \u00fcst veya garip olan bir \u015fey yok. \u0130simler kolay hat\u0131rlanabilmeleri i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle kurgulanm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Leptonlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Leptonlar;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 elektron, muon ve tau par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131yla,<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bunlardan her birinin ayr\u0131 n\u00f6trinolar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyor.
Bunlar\u0131n birer de kar\u015f\u0131t leptonlar\u0131 var.<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan;<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 elektron, muon ve tau par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131; Grek\u00e7e yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ba\u015fharfleri olan e, \u03bc ve \u03c4 ile,<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 bunlar\u0131n n\u00f6trinolar\u0131, keza Grek\u00e7e yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ba\u015fharfi olan \u03bd ile ba\u015flay\u0131p; elektron n\u00f6trinosu i\u00e7in e, muon n\u00f6trinosu i\u00e7in \u03bc, tau n\u00f6trinosu i\u00e7in \u03c4 alt indisi eklenerek; \u03bde, \u03bd\u03bc, \u03bd\u03c4 \u015feklinde g\u00f6steriliyor.<\/p>\n

Leptonlardan ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131t par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131; ‘kar\u015f\u0131t elektron’, ‘kar\u015f\u0131t muon’ ve ‘kar\u015f\u0131t tau.’ Fakat ‘kar\u015f\u0131t elektron’a ‘pozitron’ da deniyor. N\u00f6trinolar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 ise; ‘elektron kar\u015f\u0131t n\u00f6trinosu’, ‘muon kar\u015f\u0131t n\u00f6trinosu’, ‘tau kar\u015f\u0131t n\u00f6trinosu’ olarak isimlendiriliyor. Pozitron hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere, bu kar\u015f\u0131t leptonlar; kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olduklar\u0131 leptonlar\u0131n simgelerinin \u00fczerine birer \u00e7izgi konularak g\u00f6steriliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin ‘muon kar\u015f\u0131t n\u00f6trinosu’nun simgesi\u00a0 oluyor. Kar\u015f\u0131t elektron veya pozitronun ise, \u00f6zel bir simgesi var: e+.<\/p>\n

\u0130simlendirmeler ve simgelere dal\u0131p gitmi\u015f gibiyiz. Nelerden s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz konusunda anla\u015fabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bunlar da \u00f6nemli tabii. Ama as\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan, bu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6zellikler ve bu \u00f6zellikler sayesinde yerine getirdikleri i\u015flevler.<\/p>\n

Kuarklarla Leptonlar\u0131n \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Par\u00e7ac\u0131klarda; spin, elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc ve k\u00fctle, en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellikler aras\u0131nda. Elektrik y\u00fckleri elektron y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan e, spinler ise \u045b =h\/2\u03c0 cinsinden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcyor.
Burada h Planck sabiti, \u045b’\u0131n de\u011feri ise 1.055×10-34 J-s. Ayr\u0131ca kuarklar\u0131n, leptonlarda bulunmayan bir ba\u015fka \u00e7e\u015fit y\u00fck\u00fc daha var. S\u0131ras\u0131yla bakal\u0131m…<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1. Kuarklarla leptonlar\u0131n hepsinin spini ayn\u0131 ve \u045b cinsinden, 1\/2.<\/p>\n

2. Kuarklar elektrik y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yor. Ancak y\u00fckleri; elektron y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn, al\u0131\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz gibi tamsay\u0131 katlar\u0131 \u015feklinde olmay\u0131p, e cinsinden; \u00b11\/3 veya \u00b12\/3 kesirleri \u015feklinde. \u015e\u00f6yle ki:
* Yukar\u0131, t\u0131ls\u0131m ve \u00fcst kuarklar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fc +2\/3,
* a\u015fa\u011f\u0131, garip ve alt kuarklar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fc -1\/3,
* kar\u015f\u0131t kuarklar\u0131n y\u00fckleri de, kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn z\u0131tt\u0131 oluyor.<\/p>\n

Leptonlardan;
* elektron, muon ve tau; ayn\u0131 -e y\u00fck\u00fcne,
* bunlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131; yani kar\u015f\u0131t elektron, kar\u015f\u0131t muon ve kar\u015f\u0131t tau; bunun z\u0131tt\u0131 olan +e y\u00fck\u00fcne,
* n\u00f6trinolar ve kar\u015f\u0131t n\u00f6trinolar ise 0 y\u00fcke sahipler.<\/p>\n

3. Kuarklarla leptonlar\u0131n, hepsinin k\u00fctleleleri var ve birbirinin kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00fctleleri ayn\u0131. Fakat par\u00e7ac\u0131klar aras\u0131nda, k\u00fctle a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan siklet farklar\u0131 bulunuyor. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, kuarklarda;
* yukar\u0131 kuark t\u0131ls\u0131m kuarktan, t\u0131ls\u0131m kuark da \u00fcst kuarktan,
* a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kuark garip kuarktan, garip kuark da alt kuarktan daha hafif. Yani kuarklar\u0131, k\u00fctle a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fa ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Leptonlarda n\u00f6trinolar di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnden \u00e7ok \u00e7ok daha hafifken;
* elektron, muondan; muon da taudan,
* elektron n\u00f6trinosu, muon n\u00f6trinosundan; muon n\u00f6trinosu da tau n\u00f6trinosundan, daha hafif veya daha az enerji ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yani leptonlar\u0131 da aralar\u0131nda, k\u00fctle a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fa ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ger\u00e7i ‘Lepton’ s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Grek\u00e7e’de, ‘k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fctleli’ kast\u0131yla ‘ince’ anlam\u0131na geliyor. Fakat bu biraz yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6rne\u011fin tau leptonu, elektrondan 3,500 kat daha a\u011f\u0131r. N\u00f6trinolar ise y\u00fcks\u00fcz ve \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00fctlelere sahipler. O kadar ki; k\u00fctleleri, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fctle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm tekniklerinin duyarl\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fczeyinin alt\u0131nda kal\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, teorik olarak k\u00fctlelerinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dahi s\u00f6ylenebiliyor. G\u00f6zlenmeleri \u00e7ok zor.<\/p>\n

Par\u00e7ac\u0131k Nesilleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toparlayacak olursak; kuarklarla leptonlar, k\u00fctleleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan aralar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131yorlar ve herhangi birinin y\u00fck\u00fc; +2\/3, -1\/3, 0 veya -1 olabiliyor. Bu durumda; \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndaki par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan, olas\u0131 d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 y\u00fcke sahip birer tanesini bir araya koyarak bir grupland\u0131rma yap\u0131labilir ve b\u00f6ylelikle d\u00f6rder elemanl\u0131, k\u00fctle d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ayn\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip \u00fc\u00e7 grup elde edilebilir:<\/p>\n

I. Yukar\u0131 kuark (+2\/3), a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kuark (-1\/3), elektron n\u00f6trinosu (0) ve elektron (-1).
II. T\u0131ls\u0131m kuark (+2\/3), garip kuark (-1\/3), muon n\u00f6trinosu (0) ve muon (-1).
III. \u00dcst kuark (+2\/3), alt kuark (-1\/3), tau n\u00f6trinosu (0) ve tau (-1).<\/p>\n

kaynak: T\u00fcbitak<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Standart Model Standart Model’e g\u00f6re evrende, temel par\u00e7ac\u0131k olarak sadece;* 6 \u00e7e\u015fit kuark, * 6 \u00e7e\u015fit lepton, * bunlar\u0131n ‘kar\u015f\u0131t’ par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ile, * foton, 8 \u00e7e\u015fit gluon ve 3 \u00e7e\u015fit ‘vekt\u00f6r bozon’dan olu\u015fan ‘kuvvet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131’ par\u00e7ac\u0131klar var. Kuarklarla leptonlar, kuvvet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla etkile\u015fime girerek, evrendeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr maddenin t\u00fcm\u00fcne v\u00fccut veriyor. Kuark ve lepton \u00e7e\u015fitlerine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-682","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kuantum"},"yoast_head":"\nMaddenin Temel Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 | T\u00fcbitak - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Maddenin Temel Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 | T\u00fcbitak\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Standart Model Standart Model’e g\u00f6re evrende, temel par\u00e7ac\u0131k olarak sadece;* 6 \u00e7e\u015fit kuark, * 6 \u00e7e\u015fit lepton, * bunlar\u0131n ‘kar\u015f\u0131t’ par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 ile, * foton, 8 \u00e7e\u015fit gluon ve 3 \u00e7e\u015fit ‘vekt\u00f6r bozon’dan olu\u015fan ‘kuvvet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131’ par\u00e7ac\u0131klar var. Kuarklarla leptonlar, kuvvet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla etkile\u015fime girerek, evrendeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr maddenin t\u00fcm\u00fcne v\u00fccut veriyor. Kuark ve lepton \u00e7e\u015fitlerine […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2009-04-16T13:42:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr\/bilgipaket\/madde\/img\/sub1karikatur.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Maddenin Temel Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 | T\u00fcbitak\",\"datePublished\":\"2009-04-16T13:42:09+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/\"},\"wordCount\":1067,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr\/bilgipaket\/madde\/img\/sub1karikatur.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Kuantum\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2009\/04\/16\/maddenin-temel-parcaciklari-tubitak\/\",\"name\":\"Maddenin Temel Par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 | T\u00fcbitak - 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Kuarklarla leptonlar, kuvvet ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla etkile\u015fime girerek, evrendeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr maddenin t\u00fcm\u00fcne v\u00fccut veriyor. 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