![](\"http:\/\/i.radikal.com.tr\/644x385\/2008\/06\/25\/fft5_mf23552.Jpeg\")
Irk\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmek yolunda, uyduruk bilimler yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, psikoloji gibi “a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131” bilimlerden yararlanmaktan, psikolojinin bulgular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yorumlamaktan geri durmad\u0131lar. Psikolojiden daha \u00e7ok zek\u00e2 testlerini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanarak yararland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz(1)<\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0131rk\u0131n fizik karakterini \u00f6l\u00e7me yolundaki t\u00fcm giri\u015fimler, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z kal\u0131nca, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131lar karakter farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ancak bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de herhangi bir bilimsel, nesnel, say\u0131sal kan\u0131ttan yoksundu. Zek\u00e2 testlerinin “icat edili\u015fi” onlara bu t\u00fcr kan\u0131tlar sunma olana\u011f\u0131 verecektir.<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ekten zek\u00e2 testlerinin Birle\u015fik Devletler’de kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yolundaki 1890’lar\u0131n ilk giri\u015fimlerinin amac\u0131n\u0131n, \u0131rklar aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n saptanmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Almanya\u2019da geli\u015ftirilen alg\u0131lama h\u0131z\u0131 (s\u00fcrati intikal) testleri R.M. Bache taraf\u0131ndan, 12 Beyaz, 11 K\u0131z\u0131lderili, 11 Zenciye uygulan\u0131p, \u0131rklar\u0131n alg\u0131lama g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Al\u0131nan sonu\u00e7lar, K\u0131z\u0131lderililerin alg\u0131lamada ve de uyar\u0131c\u0131lara tepki g\u00f6stermede en h\u0131zl\u0131, Beyazlar\u0131n en a\u011f\u0131r olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. Ancak bu sonu\u00e7lar, ak\u0131l almayacak bi\u00e7imde, Beyazlar\u0131n daha ak\u0131ll\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bi\u00e7iminde yorumland\u0131. Beyazlar, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek davranan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler kuran (reflective) bir \u0131rk olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, tepkileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden davranan \u00f6teki \u0131rklar\u0131n tepkilerinden elbette daha a\u011f\u0131r olacakt\u0131(!)<\/p>\n
B.R. Stetson, 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda 500 Beyaz 500 Zenci \u00e7ocu\u011funu bellek (haf\u0131za) testlerinden ge\u00e7irdi. Bu kez de zencilerin biraz daha y\u00fcksek derece tutturmalar\u0131, teste al\u0131nan zenci \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n beyazlar\u0131nkinden biraz daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ile a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.
E.L. Thorndike, 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda, eline yeterli bilgi verilirse, herhangi bir insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn zihinsel do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6\u011felerine ay\u0131r\u0131p \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyebilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor; farkl\u0131 \u0131rklar aras\u0131ndaki do\u011fu\u015ftan zek\u00e2 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n da saptanabilece\u011fini ekliyordu. Hatta Avrupa \u0131rklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda da zek\u00e2 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar da saptan\u0131nca, \u0131rklar\u0131n zek\u00e2 skalas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a kesin bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilecekti.<\/p>\n
Beyazlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na uygulanan zek\u00e2 testlerinin birinde, banka y\u00f6neticisi, avukat, yarg\u0131\u00e7, profes\u00f6r \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek dereceler tutturmalar\u0131, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 elveri\u015fli ekonomik, toplumsal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7evrenin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak de\u011fil, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olma sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda iyi bir anababadan gelmenin (kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n, \u00f6jeni\u011fin) ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bi\u00e7iminde yorumland\u0131. Al\u0131nan sonu\u00e7, s\u0131n\u0131fsal farklar kadar \u0131rksal farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da g\u00f6steriyordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, yorumculara g\u00f6re, farkl\u0131 \u0131rklar\u0131n insanlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7ine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunuyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Uygulanan zek\u00e2 testlerinde \u00f6nyarg\u0131lara uygun sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr yorumlara gidilmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, beklenen sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131namay\u0131nca, daha \u00f6nceki birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnekte de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, k\u0131rk dereden su getirilip, bamba\u015fka yorumlara ba\u015fvuruluyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin Amerika’da zek\u00e2 testlerinin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden biri olan Thorndike, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u0131rklardan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bu testlerde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu durumlar\u0131, bunlar\u0131n kendilerini tutma yetene\u011finin eksikli\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zihinsel geli\u015fmelerindeki \u00f6nemli bir gerili\u011fin kesin kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak yorumlayabiliyordu.<\/p>\n
1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Fransa’da Alfred Binet ile Theodore Simon, zek\u00e2 d\u00fczeyini \u00f6l\u00e7ecek testler geli\u015ftirdiler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uygulanagelen ve Binet-Simon ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bu testler, ya\u015f gruplar\u0131na g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Binet, 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ya\u015f grubunun sorular\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde yetmi\u015f be\u015fini yan\u0131tlayanlar\u0131n o ya\u015f\u0131n zek\u00e2s\u0131nda, az\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131tlayanlar\u0131n, ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n zek\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda, daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131tlayanlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek “zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131” kavram\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. Bu testleri haz\u0131rlayanlar, \u00e7evresel etmenlerin zek\u00e2y\u0131 etkiledi\u011fini kabul ederek, testlerin benzer \u00e7evrelerde yeti\u015fmi\u015f kimselere uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda bile, ge\u00e7erliliklerinin kesin olmayaca\u011f\u0131 yolundaki uyar\u0131lar\u0131, zek\u00e2n\u0131n kal\u0131tsal oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r basmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 dinlenmedi.<\/p>\n
Lewis Termann ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Binet’in1908 testlerini, Stanford \u00dcniversitesi’nde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla geli\u015ftirip “Stanford-Binet Zek\u00e2 Skalas\u0131”n\u0131 sundular. Onlar\u0131 bu skalay\u0131 sunmaya iten zek\u00e2n\u0131n say\u0131larla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, psikologlar ve halk aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilgi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00e7e\u015fitli entrikalara yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
William Stern, 1912 y\u0131l\u0131nda, zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131 ile do\u011fal ya\u015f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olan IQ (intelligent quotieizt) “zek\u00e2 katsay\u0131s\u0131”n\u0131, halk aras\u0131nda zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131 olarak bilinen katsay\u0131y\u0131 sundu. Buna g\u00f6re, \u00f6rne\u011fin, on ya\u015f\u0131nda olup, 10 ya\u015f\u0131n zek\u00e2 testlerinden y\u00fcz puan alan, ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n zekas\u0131nda oluyordu, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131 da 10 oluyordu; seksen puan alan on ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocu\u011fun zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131 sekiz, y\u00fcz yirmi puan alan\u0131n zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n on iki oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc. Binet’in \u00f6lmesi \u00fczerine zek\u00e2 testleri ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi Birle\u015fik Devletler’e kayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131 katsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atan ekibin ba\u015f\u0131 olan Lewis Termann, 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda, testlerinde G\u00fcneybat\u0131’n\u0131n \u0130spanyol-K\u0131z\u0131lderili melezi ve Meksikal\u0131 ailelerinden gelen kimselerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck dereceler ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemledi. Bu insanlar\u0131n zek\u00e2lar\u0131n\u0131n donuklu\u011funun \u0131rksal olaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna vard\u0131. Ancak bu yoldaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yeterli bulmad\u0131. Yeterli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n, \u0131rklar aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc geli\u015ftirme programlar\u0131yla kapat\u0131lmayacak kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck zek\u00e2 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6sterece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi; gene, ileride yap\u0131lacak ve sa\u011flam sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karmaya yetecek ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ocu\u011fun ak\u0131ll\u0131 bir se\u00e7men olabilecek kadar e\u011fitilmeye bile elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecekti. Bunlar gelece\u011fin “odun ve su ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131” idiler.<\/p>\n
Birle\u015fik Devletler Ordusu, 1917\u2019de sava\u015fa girince, orduya al\u0131nacak ki\u015filerin en etkili olarak hangi i\u015flerde kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenmek istedi. Robert M. Yerkes ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir psikologlar kurulu, orduya gelenlerin zek\u00e2 ve e\u011filimlerini saptayacak testler haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar. 1.700.000’den fazla insan bu testlerden ge\u00e7irildi. Testlerden al\u0131nan sonu\u00e7lar, pek \u00e7ok ve pek yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlara ve tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
Biri army alpha ad\u0131yla bilinen, \u0130ngilizce okuryazarlara uygulanan “dilli”; \u00f6tekisi \u0130ngilizce bilmeyen, \u0130ngilizce okuryazar olmayan g\u00f6\u00e7menlere uygulanan, army beta ad\u0131yla bilinen “dilsiz” test olmak \u00fczere; iki ayr\u0131 test tak\u0131m\u0131 uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Her iki test tak\u0131m\u0131 da ya\u015fa bakmaks\u0131z\u0131n zek\u00e2y\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7en sorular i\u00e7eriyordu. Testlerde en y\u00fcksek dereceyi tutturan i\u00e7inden subaylar se\u00e7ilecekti. Buradan orduda ancak her yirmi ki\u015fiden birinin ak\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011fu sonucuna varanlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca test uygulananlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, Birle\u015fik Devletler halk\u0131n\u0131n zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 verece\u011fi beklentilerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin testten ge\u00e7irilenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun, zek\u00e2 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n on d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131n zek\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu bi\u00e7iminde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan sonu\u00e7lar, ABD demokrasisi hakk\u0131nda ku\u015fkular duyulmas\u0131na neden oldu. Pratik ve \u00f6zel baz\u0131 ama\u00e7lara g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenen bu testlerden, \u0131rk ve s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Psikologlar, a\u00e7\u0131klanan sonu\u00e7lara dayanarak, zek\u00e2n\u0131n \u00e7evreden pek az etkilendi\u011fi sonucunu \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar ve bu sonu\u00e7 h\u0131zla kitlelere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n
Bu psikologlar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6teki sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun zekas\u0131, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir e\u011fitimden (y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretimden) yararlanamayacak d\u00fczeydeydi. Zenciler umut beslenemeyecek derecede geri idiler. Zek\u00e2 testlerini haz\u0131rlayan ekibin ba\u015fkan\u0131 Dr. Yerkes bile, testlerden \u00e7e\u015fitli psikologlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karsamalar\u0131n yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 yolunda uyar\u0131larda bulunurken, testlerin “zencilerin zek\u00e2 derecelerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koydu\u011funu.., yaln\u0131zca e\u011fitimin onlar\u0131 Beyaz rakiplerinin d\u00fczeyine y\u00fckseltemeyece\u011fini” s\u00f6yleyebiliyordu.<\/p>\n
Bir yandan ordu testlerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan bitmez t\u00fckenmez yorumlar t\u00fcretilirken, \u00f6te yandan siviller \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen test ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 seli Amerika’y\u0131 kaplad\u0131. Bu testlere bakarak (ya da bakmayarak) E.L. Thorndike, “\u0131rk dolays\u0131z ve dolayl\u0131 olarak o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yarat\u0131r ki, h\u00fck\u00fcmet, i\u015f \u00e7evreleri, evlilik, dostluk ile insan g\u00fcd\u00fclerinin ve uygar ya\u015fam\u0131n hemen her y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, bir insan\u0131n \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir” dedi. 1940 gibi ge\u00e7 bir tarihte bile, zek\u00e2n\u0131n kabaca, 0’inin genlerden, 7’sinin: e\u011fitimden ‘\u00fcn\u00fcn rastlant\u0131lardan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n
Dr. Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence (Amerikan Zek\u00e2s\u0131 \u00dcst\u00fcne Bir \u0130nceleme) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda, 1917 ve 1918 ordu testlerine dayanarak, Nordik, Akdenizli ve Alpli olan \u00fc\u00e7 Avrupa \u0131rk\u0131ndan Nordiklerin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlayan sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131ktan sonra, Avrupa uluslar\u0131ndaki Nordik kan\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7meye kalkt\u0131. Vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re, \u0130sve\u00e7 ,00 Nordik kanl\u0131yd\u0131, Norve\u00e7’te 0, Danimarka, Hollanda,’ \u0130sko\u00e7ya’da 85, \u0130ngiltere’de 80, Almanya’da 40, Fransa’da ve \u0130rlanda’da 30, Polonya’da ve \u0130spanya’da 10, Rusya’da ve Portekiz’de Nordik kan\u0131 vard\u0131. Brigham’a g\u00f6re rakamlar, ayr\u0131ca, zeki olduklar\u0131 san\u0131lan Yahudi g\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin de asl\u0131nda zeki olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. <\/p>\n
Zek\u00e2 testlerinden sonra s\u0131ra irade-miza\u00e7 (will-temperament) testlerine geldi, sonra da ki\u015fili\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7en testlere. Yap\u0131lan testler genellikle Zencileri, K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri, Meksikal\u0131lar\u0131 ve Beyaz olmayan \u00f6teki halklar\u0131, Beyazlardan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ki\u015filikli g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n
Prof. Otto Klineberg, Race and Psychology adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda, Birle\u015fik Devletler’de 1950’lere kadar yap\u0131lan testler \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 inceledikten sonra, Beyaz, Zenci, K\u0131z\u0131lderili gruplar\u0131na uygulanan zek\u00e2 testlerinde, daha sorular d\u00fczenlenirken al\u0131nacak sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n bilindi\u011fi; bunlar\u0131n, zek\u00e2n\u0131n kal\u0131t\u0131msal oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeleri \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, zek\u00e2 farklar\u0131n\u0131 bile g\u00f6stermediklerini; testlerden al\u0131nan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n kal\u0131tsal de\u011fil \u00e7evresel, e\u011fitsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etmenlerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin kendisinin topraklar\u0131nda petrol \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in zenginle\u015fen K\u0131z\u0131lderili ailelerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 \u00fczerine uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zek\u00e2 testinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6teki testlerde al\u0131nan sonu\u00e7lara hi\u00e7 benzememesi bunu g\u00f6stermektedir. Klineberg ayr\u0131ca, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda askere al\u0131nanlara uygulanan ordu testlerinin verdi\u011fi en anlaml\u0131 sonucun, baz\u0131 Kuzey devletlerindeki zenci gruplar\u0131n\u0131n, G\u00fcneyin federe devletlerinin Beyaz gruplar\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksek dereceler tutturmalar\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n
Irk\u00e7\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n desteklenmesi yolunda psikolojiden yaln\u0131zca zek\u00e2 ve ki\u015filik testleri yoluyla yararlan\u0131lmad\u0131; \u00f6teki psikolojik bulgulardan da yararlan\u0131ld\u0131 ya da yararlan\u0131lacak psikolojik bulgular bulundu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 bir psikolog olan William MacDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda, ba\u015fka \u0131rklarda daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan s\u00fcr\u00fc g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn Nordiklerde daha zay\u0131f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyip, bu nedenle \u0131rklar\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeli buldu. 1921’de yay\u0131mlanan yap\u0131t\u0131nda, psikolojik nedenlerle intihar e\u011filiminin \u0131rklara g\u00f6re farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini (yeterli olmayan istatistik verilere dayanarak) \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra, Akdenizlinin enerjisini ve co\u015fkusunu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakilere y\u00f6netmesine, \u00f6rne\u011fin kendisini aldatan kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, Nordik insanlar\u0131n i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck olup b\u00f6yle bir durumda kendilerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrme e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterdiklerini ileri s\u00fcrmek yolunda yararland\u0131.(2) <\/p>\n
Notlar <\/strong> Irk\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmek yolunda, uyduruk bilimler yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, psikoloji gibi “a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131” bilimlerden yararlanmaktan, psikolojinin bulgular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yorumlamaktan geri durmad\u0131lar. Psikolojiden daha \u00e7ok zek\u00e2 testlerini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanarak yararland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz(1) 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0131rk\u0131n fizik karakterini \u00f6l\u00e7me yolundaki t\u00fcm giri\u015fimler, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z kal\u0131nca, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131lar karakter farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ancak bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-6861","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-psikoloji"},"yoast_head":"\n
(1) Zek\u00e2 testlerinin geli\u015fmesiyle ilgili a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar daha \u00e7ok Gossett, Race, XV. B\u00f6l\u00fcm, s. 374 vd’da, \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir. Zek\u00e2 testlerinin de\u011feri hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca Muzaffer \u015eerif, Irk Psikolojisi’nde ve Otto Klineberg, Race and Psychology’de gerekli ve yeterli a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunmaktad\u0131r.
(2) Otto Klineberg, Race and Psychology, s. 33-34
Kaynak: Al\u00e2eddin \u015eenel (1984): Irk ve Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, Bilim ve Sanat: Ankara, s. 84-90<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"