![](\"images\/stories\/benjamin.jpg\")
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insanlar\u0131n\u0131n giderek proleterle\u015fmesi ve kitle olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131, ayn\u0131 olay\u0131n iki ayr\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Fa\u015fizm, yeni olu\u015fan, proleterle\u015fmi\u015f kitleleri, bu kitlelerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerine dokunmadan \u00f6rg\u00fctleme \u00e7abas\u0131ndad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Fa\u015fizm, kurtulu\u015funu, kitlelerin kendilerini ifade edebilmelerini (elbet haklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131maya asla yana\u015fmaks\u0131z\u0131n) sa\u011flamakta bulmaktad\u0131r.(32) Kitlelerin m\u00fclkiyet ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini isteme haklar\u0131 vard\u0131r; fa\u015fizm ise bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n konserve edili\u015fini, s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen kitlelerin ifadesi k\u0131lmak pe\u015findedir. Fa\u015fizm kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131, olarak, politik ya\u015fam\u0131n estetize edilmesini ama\u00e7lar. <\/p>\n
Fa\u015fizmin bir liderin k\u00fclt\u00fcyle boyunduruk alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitlelerin \u0131rz\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmesiyle, yine fa\u015fizmin k\u00fclt de\u011ferlerinin \u00fcretilmesi i\u00e7in yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ayg\u0131t\u0131n \u0131rz\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmesi, birbiriyle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Politikan\u0131n estetize edilmesine y\u00f6nelik b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar, tek bir noktada doru\u011funa var\u0131r. Bu nokta, sava\u015ft\u0131r. En b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlardaki kitle hareketlerini geleneksel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden koruyarak belli bir hedefe y\u00f6neltmeyi, yaln\u0131zca ve yaln\u0131zca sava\u015f sa\u011flayabilir. <\/p>\n
Olay\u0131n politika a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ifadesi budur. Teknik a\u00e7\u0131dan ifadesi ise \u015f\u00f6yledir: i\u00e7inde ya\u015fan\u0131lan zaman\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn teknik ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, m\u00fclkiyet ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak harekete ge\u00e7irmeyi yaln\u0131zca sava\u015f sa\u011flayabilir. Fa\u015fizmin sava\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcceltme eyleminin bu kan\u0131tlar\u0131 kullanmamas\u0131, do\u011fald\u0131r. Ama bu kan\u0131tlar\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek, yine de \u00f6\u011freticidir. Marinetti\u2019nin, Etiyopya\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sava\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin manifestosunda \u015f\u00f6yle denilmektedir:<\/p>\n
\u201cYirmi yedi y\u0131ldan bu yana biz f\u00fct\u00fcristler, sava\u015f\u0131n esteti\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 diye nitelendirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktay\u0131z… Bu ba\u011flamda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z saptamalar, \u015funlard\u0131r: … Sava\u015f g\u00fczeldir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc gaz maskeleri, korkutucu megafonlar, alev makineleri ve tanklar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla insan\u0131n, boyunduruk alt\u0131na al\u0131nan makine \u00fczerindeki egemenli\u011fine gerek\u00e7e kazand\u0131r\u0131r. Sava\u015f g\u00fczeldir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan bedeninin o d\u00fc\u015flenen konumunu, metalle\u015ftirilmesi konumunu kutsayarak ger\u00e7e\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Sava\u015f g\u00fczeldir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7i\u00e7ekler a\u00e7an bir \u00e7ay\u0131r\u0131 mitraly\u00f6zlerin ate\u015ften orkideleriyle zenginle\u015ftirir. Sava\u015f g\u00fczeldir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcfek ate\u015fini, top at\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, ate\u015fin kesildi\u011fi anlar\u0131, parf\u00fcm ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme kokular\u0131n\u0131 tek bir senfoni halinde birle\u015ftirir. Sava\u015f g\u00fczeldir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck tanklar\u0131nki, geometrik u\u00e7ak filolar\u0131n\u0131nki, yanan k\u00f6ylerden y\u00fckselen duman helezonlar\u0131n\u0131nki gibi yeni mimari bi\u00e7imler ve daha pek \u00e7ok \u015feyler yarat\u0131r… Ey f\u00fct\u00fcrizm \u015fairleri, yazarlar\u0131 ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bir sava\u015f esteti\u011fine ili\u015fkin bu temel ilkeleri an\u0131msay\u0131n; an\u0131msay\u0131n ki, yeni bir \u015fiir ve yeni plastik sanatlar u\u011fruna harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u00e7abalar yine sizin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zla ayd\u0131nlans\u0131n<\/em>!\u201d(33)<\/p>\n Bu manifestonun ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k olu\u015fudur. Sorunlar\u0131 ortaya koyma bi\u00e7imi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise diyalektik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen birince benimsenmeye lay\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu manifestoya bug\u00fcn\u00fcn sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n esteti\u011fi \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir: <\/p>\n \u00dcretim g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin do\u011fal yoldan de\u011ferlendirilmesi m\u00fclkiyet d\u00fczenince \u00f6nlenirken, teknik ara\u00e7lar\u0131n, temponun, g\u00fc\u00e7 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, do\u011fald\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirmeye zorlamaktad\u0131r. Bu do\u011fald\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme, sava\u015f arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir; sava\u015f, y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131yla toplumun tekni\u011fi kendi organ\u0131 k\u0131lmaya yetecek olgunlukta olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, tekni\u011fin de toplumun temel g\u00fc\u00e7lerini yenecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015fmedi\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 sergilemektedir. Emperyalist sava\u015f, en korkun\u00e7 \u00e7izgileriyle, dev \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla, bunlar\u0131n \u00fcretim s\u00fcreci i\u00e7ersindeki yetersiz de\u011ferlendirilmesi aras\u0131nda uzanan u\u00e7urum taraf\u0131ndan (ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, i\u015fsizlik ve s\u00fcr\u00fcm pazarlar\u0131n\u0131n eksikli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan) belirlenmektedir. <\/p>\n Emperyalist sava\u015f, toplumun do\u011fal malzemesinden yoksun k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 istemleri “insan malzemesi\u201dnin yard\u0131m\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131layan tekni\u011fin bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Teknik, nehirleri kanalize edecek yerde, insan selini siperlere y\u00f6neltmekte, u\u00e7aklar\u0131ndan tohum atacak yerde kentlere yang\u0131n bombalar\u0131 ya\u011fd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r; gaz sava\u015f\u0131nda ise Aura\u2019y\u0131 yeni bir bi\u00e7imde ortadan kald\u0131rmaya yarayan bir ara\u00e7 bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n \u201cFiat ars, pereat mundus\u201d* diyen fa\u015fizm, tekni\u011fin de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131, duyusal alg\u0131laman\u0131n sanatsal d\u00fczlemde doyuma ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, Marinetti\u2019nin itiraf etti\u011fi gibi, sava\u015ftan bekler. Bu, herhalde tam anlam\u0131yla sanat sanat i\u00e7indir\u2019in ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bir zamanlar Homeros\u2019ta, Olimpos Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki tanr\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde bir t\u00fcr sergi malzemesi olan insanl\u0131k, \u015fimdi kendi kendisi i\u00e7in bir sergi malzemesi olup \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendine yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, ona kendi y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 birinci s\u0131n\u0131f bir estetik haz kayna\u011f\u0131 niteli\u011fiyle ya\u015fatacak boyutlara varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n Fa\u015fizmin politikay\u0131 estetize etme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta, i\u015fte budur. Kom\u00fcnizm, buna sanat\u0131n politize edilmesiyle yan\u0131t verir.<\/p>\n Dipnot<\/strong><\/p>\n 32 Burada da, \u00f6zellikle propaganda a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nem hi\u00e7bir zaman yeterince anlat\u0131lamayacak haftal\u0131k haberler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutuldu\u011fu takdirde, teknik bir nokta \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r. Kitlesel yeniden-\u00fcretime, kitlelerin yeniden-\u00fcretimi \u00f6zellikle uygun d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fenlik alaylar\u0131nda, dev toplant\u0131larda, spor t\u00fcr\u00fcndeki kitlesel g\u00f6sterilerde ve sava\u015fta -ki, bug\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n hepsi de \u00e7ekim ayg\u0131t\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r- kitle kendi y\u00fcz\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n Kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca vurgulamaya gerek duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu olgu, yeniden-\u00fcretim ya da \u00e7ekim tekni\u011fiyle \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan ilintilidir. Genelde kitlesel hareketler, ayg\u0131ta, bak\u0131\u015flara oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha a\u00e7\u0131k ve se\u00e7ik g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcr. Y\u00fcz binlere ait kareler, en iyi ku\u015fbak\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Her ne kadar bu perspektif, insan g\u00f6z\u00fcne de ayg\u0131ta oldu\u011fu kadar a\u00e7\u0131ksa da, g\u00f6z\u00fcn kapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcde bir b\u00fcy\u00fctme, \u00e7ekimdeki durumun tersine, olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, kitlesel hareketler ve bu arada sava\u015f, insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ayg\u0131ta \u00f6zellikle uygun d\u00fc\u015fen bir bi\u00e7imini temsil Pasajlar | Tekni\u011fin Olanaklar\u0131yla Yeniden \u00dcretilebildi\u011fi \u00c7a\u011fda Sanat Yap\u0131t\u0131 | Sons\u00f6z – Walter Benjamin<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz insanlar\u0131n\u0131n giderek proleterle\u015fmesi ve kitle olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131, ayn\u0131 olay\u0131n iki ayr\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Fa\u015fizm, yeni olu\u015fan, proleterle\u015fmi\u015f kitleleri, bu kitlelerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerine dokunmadan \u00f6rg\u00fctleme \u00e7abas\u0131ndad\u0131r. Fa\u015fizm, kurtulu\u015funu, kitlelerin kendilerini ifade edebilmelerini (elbet haklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131maya asla yana\u015fmaks\u0131z\u0131n) sa\u011flamakta bulmaktad\u0131r.(32) Kitlelerin m\u00fclkiyet ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini isteme haklar\u0131 vard\u0131r; fa\u015fizm ise bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-walter-benjamin"],"yoast_head":"\n
etmektedirler,
33 cit. La Stampa Torino.<\/p>\n