{"id":6902,"date":"2012-09-25T16:21:16","date_gmt":"2012-09-25T13:21:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2012\/09\/25\/cinselligin-insan-yasaminda-yabana-atilmayacak-bir-rol-oynadigi-aciktir-simone-de-beauvoir\/"},"modified":"2012-09-25T16:21:16","modified_gmt":"2012-09-25T13:21:16","slug":"cinselligin-insan-yasaminda-yabana-atilmayacak-bir-rol-oynadigi-aciktir-simone-de-beauvoir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2012\/09\/25\/cinselligin-insan-yasaminda-yabana-atilmayacak-bir-rol-oynadigi-aciktir-simone-de-beauvoir\/","title":{"rendered":"Cinselli\u011fin insan ya\u015fam\u0131nda yabana at\u0131lmayacak bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r | Simone De Beauvoir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Freud kad\u0131n\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131na pek ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmemi\u015ftir; onu tan\u0131mlarken, ancak birka\u00e7 \u00e7izgisini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi erkek yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temel ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Freud\u2019dan \u00f6nce, cinsel bilimci Maranon \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftu:
“Bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f bir enerji olan ya\u015fam enerjisi (libido), bir bak\u0131ma, erke\u011fe \u00f6zg\u00fc bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Kad\u0131n\u0131n doyuma ermesi (orgasme) i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u015feyi s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.”
Ona g\u00f6re, doyuma eren kad\u0131nlar “erkekle\u015firler”; cinsel at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n tek bir y\u00f6n\u00fc vard\u0131r ve kad\u0131n bu i\u015fte yar\u0131 yolda kalmaktad\u0131r.(1)
Freud bu kadar ileri gitmez; kad\u0131n\u0131n cinselli\u011finin de erke\u011finki kadar geli\u015fti\u011fini kabul eder; ama kad\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir cins olarak ele almaz.
“Ya\u015fam enerjisi, ister kad\u0131nda, ister erkekte ortaya \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n, s\u00fcrekli ve d\u00fczenli bir bi\u00e7imde erkeksi bir \u00f6z ta\u015f\u0131r” der. Kad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam enerjisini \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde ele almaya yana\u015fmaz: dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, kad\u0131nsal ya\u015fam enerjisini ister istemez genel \u0130nsani ya\u015fam enerjisinin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir sapmas\u0131 diye g\u00f6recektir. Bu enerji ilkin her iki cinste ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fir, diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr: b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar, \u00f6nce kendilerini annenin memesine ba\u011flayan bir a\u011f\u0131z d\u00f6neminden, sonra bir makat d\u00f6neminden ge\u00e7mekte, en sonunda cinsel organ evresine girmektedirler; birbirlerinden ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131 da i\u015fte bu evrede olmaktad\u0131r.
Freud, kendisinden \u00f6nce \u00f6nemi farkedilmeyen bir olguyu g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: erke\u011fin cinsel ya\u015fam\u0131 kesin olarak penis\u2019inde toplanmakta; kad\u0131ndaysa iki ayr\u0131 cinsel dizge bulunmaktad\u0131r: bunlardan biri \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6neminde geli\u015fen b\u0131z\u0131r (clitoris) dizgesi, \u00f6b\u00fcr\u00fc de erginlikten sonra geli\u015fen d\u00f6l yolu dizgesidir; o\u011flan \u00e7ocu\u011fu cinsel organ evresine geldi mi, evrimi tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r; cinsel zevkin \u00f6znelli\u011fi i\u00e7ersinde ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck cinsel ya\u015famdan, zevki bir nesneye, do\u011fal olarak kad\u0131na ba\u011flayacak d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck tutuma ge\u00e7mesi gerekecektir; bu ge\u00e7i\u015f, erginlik d\u00f6neminde, kendini be\u011fenme evresinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecektir: ancak penis, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6nemindeki gibi, en \u00f6nde gelen cinsel ya\u015fam arac\u0131 olarak kalacakt\u0131r. Kad\u0131n\u0131n da kendini be\u011fenme arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ya\u015fam enerjisini erke\u011fe d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmesi gerekecektir; ama b\u0131z\u0131rdan al\u0131nan zevkten d\u00f6l yolundan al\u0131nan zevke ge\u00e7mek zorunda bulundu\u011fundan ondaki bu ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci daha karma\u015f\u0131k olacakt\u0131r. Erkek i\u00e7in cinsel organ evresi tek, kad\u0131n i\u00e7inse iki a\u015famal\u0131d\u0131r; kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel evriminin ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u00e7ocuksu a\u015famada kalmas\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir s\u00fcr\u00fc sinir bozuklu\u011funa d\u00fc\u015fmesi tehlikesi daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk, kendine d\u00f6n\u00fck cinsel ya\u015fam evresinde bile az \u00e7ok bir nesneye ba\u011flan\u0131r: o\u011flan \u00e7ocu\u011fu g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc anas\u0131na diker, babas\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015f olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r; bu \u00f6zenmeden \u00fcrker, babas\u0131n\u0131n, cezaland\u0131rmak \u00fczere kendisini i\u011fdi\u015f etmesinden korkar; “Oidipus karma\u015fas\u0131 “ndan, “i\u011fdi\u015f edilme korkusu” do\u011far; o zaman, babas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca duygular beslemeye ba\u015flar, ama bu arada kendi yetkesini de benli\u011fine mal eder: b\u00f6ylece, i\u00e7inde, yasak ili\u015fki e\u011filimlerini dizginleyen bir \u00dcstben olu\u015fur; s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en e\u011filimler bilin\u00e7alt\u0131na itilmi\u015f, Oidipus karma\u015fas\u0131 temizlenmi\u015f, ve o\u011flan \u00e7ocu\u011fu, ahlak kurallar\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde zihnine yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi babas\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015ftur.
Oidipus karma\u015fas\u0131 ne denli belirgin olmu\u015f, ona kar\u015f\u0131 verilen sava\u015f ne denli \u00e7etin ge\u00e7mi\u015fse, \u00dcstben de o denli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Freud, ilkin, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc de ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; daha sonra, k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun duydu\u011fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygusuna Electra karma\u015fas\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir; ancak bu karma\u015fay\u0131 kendi niteliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011fil de, erke\u011finkine bakarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r; bununla birlikte, iki cins aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ayr\u0131m bulundu\u011funu kabul eder: k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z ilkin g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc anas\u0131na dikti\u011fi halde, o\u011flan \u00e7ocu\u011fu ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir d\u00f6neminde babas\u0131na cinsel ilgi duymaz; k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun anaya duydu\u011fu ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k a\u011f\u0131z d\u00f6neminin kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r; bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ocuk babas\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015ftir; ama be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131na do\u011fru, cinsler aras\u0131ndaki yap\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 farkeder ve penis yoklu\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda i\u011fdi\u015f edilme korkusuna kap\u0131l\u0131r: sakatland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131r ve bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ac\u0131 \u00e7eker; o zaman erkeklik \u00f6zentilerinden vazge\u00e7mek zorunda kal\u0131r, kendini anas\u0131na benzetip babas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7elmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. <\/p>\n

\u0130\u011fdi\u015f edilme korkusuyla Electra karma\u015fas\u0131 birbirlerini tamamlarlar; babas\u0131n\u0131 sevip ona benzemek istedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131n bedensel eksikli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duydu\u011fu ac\u0131 daha da yak\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r; ters bir gidi\u015fle, bu ac\u0131, babas\u0131na duydu\u011fu sevgiyi art\u0131r\u0131r: babas\u0131nda uyand\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 sevgiyle eksikli\u011fini kapatmaya u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z, anas\u0131na k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131kla, d\u00fc\u015fmanca bakar. Sonra onda da \u00dcstben olu\u015fur, babaya d\u00f6n\u00fck cinsel e\u011filimler bilin\u00e7alt\u0131na itilir; ama onun \u00dcstben\u2019i daha k\u0131r\u0131lgand\u0131r: k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun ilk cinsel ilgisi anaya d\u00f6n\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, Electra karma\u015fas\u0131 Oidipus karma\u015fas\u0131ndan daha siliktir; ayr\u0131ca baba, ay\u0131plad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sevginin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi nesne oldu\u011fundan, koydu\u011fu yasaklar rakibi olan o\u011fluna koydu\u011fu yasaklardan daha gev\u015fektir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131n cinsel dram\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc cinsel organlar\u0131ndaki evrim kadar karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r: i\u011fdi\u015f edilme korkusundan di\u015fili\u011fini yads\u0131yarak, ille de bir penis isteyerek, kendisini babas\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015f sayarak kurtulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir; bu tutum onu b\u0131z\u0131rsal evrede kalmaya, so\u011fukla\u015fmaya ya da kendi cinsine d\u00f6n\u00fck olmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu tan\u0131mlamaya y\u00f6neltilecek iki temel ele\u015ftirinin kayna\u011f\u0131, Freud\u2019un bu tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 erkek \u00f6rne\u011fi \u00fczerine oturtmas\u0131ndad\u0131r. O, kad\u0131n\u0131n kendini sakatlanm\u0131\u015f bir erkek sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir: sakatlanma fikriyse bir k\u0131yaslama ve de\u011fer bi\u00e7me gerektirmektedir; bug\u00fcn, ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmc\u00fclerin \u00e7o\u011fu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131n penis\u2019ten yoksun olu\u015funa \u00fcz\u00fclmekle birlikte, kendisininkini kesip ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011fini kabul ediyor; ayr\u0131ca, bu \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc de genel de\u011fil; \u00fcstelik, salt bedensel bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmadan da do\u011fmuyor; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131zlar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011fu erke\u011fin bedensel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 nice nice sonra ke\u015ffeder; ve bu i\u015f yaln\u0131zca g\u00f6zle olur; o\u011flan\u0131n, penisi konusunda, b\u00f6b\u00fcrlenmesine izin veren canl\u0131 bir ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r, ama bu gururun, penisi ancak d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle tan\u0131yan k\u0131zkarde\u015flerindeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ille de a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygusu de\u011fildir: bu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131, bu minicik et par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131k, hatta tiksinti duyabilirler pekala; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131, erkekli\u011fin bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131yla de\u011ferli say\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Freud\u2019sa onu anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak yerde, olmu\u015f bitmi\u015f bir veri saymaktad\u0131r.(2)<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, Electra karma\u015fas\u0131 da, kad\u0131nsal ya\u015fam enerjisinin \u00f6zg\u00fcn betimlemesine dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok belirsizdir. Erkeklerde bile salt cinsel organlara dayanan bir Oidipus karma\u015fas\u0131 genel olmaktan uzakt\u0131r; k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu i\u00e7inse, \u00e7ok ender durumlar bir yana, baban\u0131n cinsel bir d\u00fcrt\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131 olabilece\u011fini kabul etmek zordur; kad\u0131n\u0131n cinsel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar\u0131ndan biri, b\u0131z\u0131rsal zevkin tek ba\u015f\u0131na kalmas\u0131d\u0131r: kad\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccudundaki duyarl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin \u00e7o\u011fu, erginlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na do\u011fru, d\u00f6l yoluyla haz duyma ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman geli\u015fmektedir; babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6p\u00fcp ok\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n on ya\u015f\u0131ndaki bir k\u0131zda b\u0131z\u0131rsal zevke yol a\u00e7an “\u00f6zsel bir elveri\u015flilik” yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek, \u00e7o\u011fu kez anlam ta\u015f\u0131mayan bir savd\u0131r. <\/p>\n

“Electra karma\u015fas\u0131”n\u0131n duygusal yan\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok belirsiz oldu\u011fu kabul edildi\u011fi an, Freud \u00f6\u011fretisinin bize onu cinsellikten ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaman tan\u0131mlamaya yetecek ara\u00e7lar\u0131 vermeyi\u015finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, duygulanma yetisi sorunu k\u00fct diye kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za dikilmektedir. \u015euras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, babay\u0131 tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran kad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam enerjisi de\u011fildir: ana, o\u011flunda uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 arzuyla tanr\u0131la\u015fmamaktad\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, kad\u0131n\u0131n duydu\u011fu arzunun y\u00fcce bir varl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fck olmas\u0131 ona \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir nitelik kazand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r; ama kad\u0131n bu nesneyi kendisi kurmamakta, ona boyun e\u011fmektedir. Baban\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, toplumsal bir olgudur: ve Freud bunu anlayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; nitekim kendi a\u011fz\u0131yla s\u00f6yler tarihin belli bir an\u0131nda, baban\u0131n anadan \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funa kimin karar verdi\u011fini bilemeyece\u011fini; ona g\u00f6re, bu karar ileri do\u011fru at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ad\u0131md\u0131r, ama nedenleri bilinmemektedir. “Burda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan babasal yetkeden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olamaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yetke babaya ilerleme sonucu verilmi\u015ftir” der son yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan birinde.(3)<\/p>\n

Her bireyde bir g\u00fc\u00e7 isteminin yan\u0131nda bir de a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygusu vard\u0131r; bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma onu, \u00fcstesinden gelemeyece\u011fini sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelmemek i\u00e7in t\u00fcrl\u00fc dolaplar \u00e7evirmeye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr; \u00f6zne, \u00fcrkt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc toplumla aras\u0131na belli bir uzakl\u0131k koyar: toplumsal duyunun sars\u0131nt\u0131 ge\u00e7irmesi demek olan sinir hastal\u0131klar\u0131 burdan do\u011far. Kad\u0131na gelince, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygusu, di\u015fili\u011fin utan\u00e7la reddedilmesi bi\u00e7imine girmektedir: bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygusu yaln\u0131zca penis eksikli\u011finden de\u011fil, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnden ileri gelmektedir; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z, erkeklik organ\u0131n\u0131, o\u011flanlara ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n simgesi olarak k\u0131skan\u0131p arzulamaktad\u0131r; baban\u0131n aile i\u00e7indeki yeri, erkeklerin evrensel \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, e\u011fitim, k\u0131sacas\u0131 her \u015fey ondaki erkek \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc fikrini peki\u015ftirmektedir. Daha sonralar\u0131, cinsel ilintiler s\u0131ras\u0131nda, kad\u0131n\u0131 alta yat\u0131ran \u00e7iftle\u015fme durumu bile yeni bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmedir. Kad\u0131n buna \u00aberkeksi bir kafa tutma\u00bb ile kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar; ya erkekle\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, ya kad\u0131nca silahlarla erke\u011fe sava\u015f a\u00e7ar. Ana olunca, \u00e7ocukta erkeklik organ\u0131na denk bir de\u011fere kavu\u015fur. Ancak bu da i\u015fe kendini kad\u0131n olarak kabul etmekle, yani a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenerek ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Kendi benli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, erkekten \u00e7ok daha derinlemesine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burda, Adler\u2019le Freud’u ay\u0131ran kuramsal ayr\u0131mlar ve bunlar\u0131 ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rma olanaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmak yersiz olur: ne de\u011fi\u015fken \u00f6\u011feyle, ne de d\u00fcrt\u00fcyle yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar tam anlam\u0131yla yeterlidir; her de\u011fi\u015fken bir d\u00fcrt\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmekte, her d\u00fcrt\u00fc de ancak bir de\u011fi\u015fken arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kavranabilmektedir: \u00f6yleyse, Adler kuram\u0131yla Freud kuram\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir bire\u015fim yap\u0131labilir.
Ger\u00e7ekte, Adler, i\u015fin i\u00e7ine ereklilik ve erek kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 sokmakla birlikte, ruhsal nedensellik fikrini temel almaktad\u0131r; Freud kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki yeri, enerjicilik kuram\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda mekanizmac\u0131l\u0131k gibidir: fizik\u00e7i, ister \u00e7arpmay\u0131, ister \u00e7ekici g\u00fcc\u00fc temel als\u0131n, gerekircili\u011fi kabul eder. Bu da b\u00fct\u00fcn ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmc\u00fclerin ortak konutudur (postulat\u2019s\u0131d\u0131r): onlara g\u00f6re; insanl\u0131k tarihi, belirli \u00f6\u011felerin oyunuyla a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Hepsi kad\u0131na ayn\u0131 yazg\u0131y\u0131 yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Kad\u0131n\u0131n dram\u0131, d\u00f6ner dola\u015f\u0131r, \u00aberkeksi\u00bb e\u011filimleriyle \u00abkad\u0131ns\u0131\u00bb e\u011filimleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya indirgenir; birinciler b\u0131z\u0131rsal dizgede, \u0130kincilerse d\u00f6l yoluyla tad\u0131lan cinsel zevklerde dile gelir; \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda kendini babas\u0131na \u00f6zde\u015f k\u0131lar; sonra erkek kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygusuna kap\u0131l\u0131r ve \u015fu iki yoldan birini se\u00e7mek zorunda kal\u0131r: ya \u00f6zerkli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp erkekle\u015fecek \u2014 buysa, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k duygusu temeline oturtulaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, sinir hastal\u0131klar\u0131yla bitecek bir gerilim yaratacak; ya da sevdi\u011fi adama boyun e\u011ferek mutlu bir bi\u00e7imde kendini b\u00fct\u00fcnleyecektir; bu sonuncu, evin efendisi olan babas\u0131na duydu\u011fu sevginin kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr; sevgilisinde ya da kocas\u0131nda babas\u0131n\u0131 arar, ve cinsel sevgi, birinin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girme arzusuyla biraradad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Bu ba\u011flan\u0131\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kendisine yeni bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00f6zerklik getiren anal\u0131k \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc alacakt\u0131r. Bu dramda, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir g\u00fcrellik (dynamisme) var gibi; dram, kendisini \u00e7arp\u0131tan b\u00fct\u00fcn kazalara ra\u011fmen s\u00fcr\u00fcp gitmekte ve her kad\u0131n kuzu kuzu ona katlanmakta.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmc\u00fclerde dizgesel bir se\u00e7me ile onun ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 olan de\u011fer kavram\u0131n\u0131 reddedi\u015f vard\u0131r; kurduklar\u0131 dizgenin \u00f6z\u00fcnden gelen bir zay\u0131fl\u0131kt\u0131r bu. \u0130tme ve yasaklarla varolu\u015fsal se\u00e7me aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flar\u0131 koparan Freud, bize bunun kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayamamaktad\u0131r: o, itme ve yasaklar\u0131 birer veri saymaktad\u0131r. De\u011fer kavram\u0131n\u0131n yerine yetke kavram\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ama Musa ve Halk\u0131nda, bu yetkenin a\u00e7\u0131klanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, h\u0131s\u0131m akraba aras\u0131ndaki cinsel ili\u015fkiler, baba bunlar\u0131 yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yasakt\u0131r: peki ama neden yasakt\u0131r? Oras\u0131 tam bir giz. \u00dcstben, keyfi bir zorbal\u0131ktan gelen buyruk ve yasaklar\u0131 kendine mal etmektedir; do\u011fal i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerse, bilinmeyen bir nedenle vard\u0131rlar; bu iki ger\u00e7eklik, ahlak cinselli\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 kabul edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, ba\u011fda\u015fmayan iki ayr\u0131 \u015feydirler; \u0130nsani b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck bozulmu\u015f gibidir, bireyden topluma ge\u00e7i\u015f yoktur: Freud, bunlar\u0131 yeniden biraraya getirmek i\u00e7in, garip \u00f6yk\u00fcler uydurmak zorundad\u0131r.(4)<\/p>\n

Adler, i\u011fdi\u015f edilme korkusunun ancak toplumsal \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde anlam ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fini \u00e7ok iyi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; de\u011fer bi\u00e7me sorununa el atm\u0131\u015f, ama toplumca kabul edilmi\u015f de\u011ferlerin varl\u0131kbilimsel kayna\u011f\u0131na uzanmam\u0131\u015f, de\u011ferlerin cinsellik dedi\u011fimiz \u015feyin i\u00e7ersinde ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011funu anlamam\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu i\u015fin \u00f6nemini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemi\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n

Cinselli\u011fin insan ya\u015fam\u0131nda yabana at\u0131lmayacak bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: ya\u015fam\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne i\u015fledi\u011fi bile s\u00f6ylenebilir; fizyoloji, erkek ve kad\u0131n yumurtal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131yla soma\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u00e7e oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Varolan birey, cinsli bir v\u00fccut halindedir; kendisi gibi cinsli \u00f6b\u00fcr varolanlarla ilintilerindeki cinsellik hep ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r; ancak, v\u00fccut ve cinsellik varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n somut anlat\u0131mlar\u0131ysa, bunlar\u0131n anlam\u0131n\u0131 da yine varl\u0131ktan, varolu\u015ftan yola \u00e7\u0131karak yakalayabiliriz; ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hareket etmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, birtak\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klanmayan olgular\u0131 temel veri saymaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6melip poposunu g\u00f6stererek i\u015femekten utand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir: peki ama utan\u00e7 nedir? Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, erke\u011fin bir penis\u2019e sahip olmaktan gurur duyup duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da kendini be\u011feni\u015finin penis\u2019inde dile gelip gelmedi\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rmazdan \u00f6nce, gururun ne oldu\u011funu ve bir \u00f6znenin kendini be\u011fenmi\u015fli\u011finin bir nesnede canlan\u0131p canlanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmek zorunday\u0131zd\u0131r. Cinselli\u011fi daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez bir veri saymamak gerekir; varolan bireyde \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6kensel bir \u00abvarl\u0131k aramas\u0131\u00bb vard\u0131r; cinsellik bunun d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015flerinden bir tanesidir. Sartre, l\u2019Etre et le Neant (Varl\u0131k ve Hi\u00e7lik) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda i\u015fte bunu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r; Bachelard da, Toprak, Hava ve Su \u00fcst\u00fcne yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitaplarda, ayn\u0131 \u015feyi s\u00f6ylemektedir: ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmc\u00fcler, insano\u011flunun ilk do\u011frusunun kendi v\u00fccudu ve toplum i\u00e7indeki benzerlerinin v\u00fccuduyla kendisi aras\u0131ndaki ilinti oldu\u011funu kabul ederler; oysa insano\u011flu, kendisini \u00e7evreleyen ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla, oyunla, \u00abcanl\u0131 hayalg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00bb b\u00fct\u00fcn deneyleriyle yakalamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem verir; insan, olabildi\u011fince de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imlerde alg\u0131lay\u0131p kavrayabildi\u011fi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla somut olarak varolu\u015fa kat\u0131lmak ister. <\/p>\n

Topra\u011f\u0131 yo\u011furup \u00e7amur yapmak, \u00e7ukur kazmak da arzulanan ki\u015fiye sar\u0131l\u0131p yatmak ve \u00e7iftle\u015fmek kadar temel etkinliklerdir: insan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yaln\u0131zca cinsel simgelere dikti\u011fi zaman yan\u0131l\u0131r; \u00e7ukur, yap\u0131\u015fkan madde, kertik, sertlik, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck insano\u011flunun yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk ger\u00e7ekliklerdir; insan\u0131n bunlara ilgisi ya\u015fam enerjisinden (libido\u2019dan) de\u011fil, olsa olsa, ya\u015fam enerjisi, bu ger\u00e7ekliklerin insan taraf\u0131ndan \u015f\u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle ke\u015ffedili\u015finden gelir. B\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck erke\u011fi, kad\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 simgeledi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7ekmez: b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe duydu\u011fu sevgi k\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferli k\u0131lar. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, sava\u015f, oyun, sanat ba\u015fka bir \u015feye indirgenemeyen varolu\u015f bi\u00e7imleridirler; bunlar, cinselli\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 niteliklerle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e giren birtak\u0131m nitelikler yarat\u0131rlar; birey, hem onlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, hem de cinsel deneyleriyle kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7er. Bu se\u00e7menin birli\u011fini ancak varl\u0131kbilimsel bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fle yeniden ortaya koyup a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmc\u00fc, gerekircilik ve \u00abtoplu bilin\u00e7alt\u0131\u00bb ad\u0131na, i\u015fte bu se\u00e7me kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddetle reddetmektedir; ona g\u00f6re bu bilin\u00e7alt\u0131, insano\u011fluna olmu\u015f bitmi\u015f imgelerle evrensel bir simgecilik sunmaktad\u0131r; d\u00fc\u015fler, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilememi\u015f edimler, say\u0131klamalar, temsili istiareler ve insan yazg\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki benzerlikleri i\u015fte bu bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayacakt\u0131r; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten s\u00f6z etmek, bu ak\u0131l kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 uyumlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yads\u0131mak olur. Oysa \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck fikri birtak\u0131m kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaz. Ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmsel y\u00f6ntemin, kuramsal yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klara ra\u011fmen, \u00e7o\u011fu kez verimli olu\u015fu, her ki\u015fisel \u00f6yk\u00fcde genel-ge\u00e7erli\u011fini kimsenin yads\u0131may\u0131 akl\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irmeyece\u011fi birtak\u0131m verilerin bulunu\u015fundand\u0131r: durumlar ve davran\u0131\u015flar hi\u00e7 durmadan yinelenir; karar an\u0131 da i\u015fte bu genellik ve yinelenme i\u00e7ersinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. <\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0130nsan\u0131n bedensel yap\u0131s\u0131, yazg\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r\u00bb diyordu Freud; Merleau-Ponty\u2019nin s\u00f6z\u00fc bunun yank\u0131s\u0131 gibidir: \u00abV\u00fccut, genelliktir\u00bb. Varolu\u015f, varolan bireylerde dile gelen bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr: birbirine benzer organizmalarda d\u0131\u015fa vurur; \u00f6yleyse varl\u0131kbilimsel \u00f6\u011feyle cinsel \u00f6\u011fenin birbirine ba\u011flanmas\u0131nda birtak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fmez nitelikler olacakt\u0131r. Belli bir \u00e7a\u011fda, bir toplulu\u011fun kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 teknikler, \u0130ktisadi ve toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyelerine ayn\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 g\u00f6stermekte: bu d\u00f6nemde, cinsellikle toplumsal bi\u00e7imler aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmez bir ili\u015fki bulunmaktad\u0131r; benzer bireyler, benzer ko\u015fullar i\u00e7ersinde, eldeki veriden benzer anlamlar \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131rlar; bu benzerlik s\u0131ms\u0131k\u0131 bir evrensellik yaratmamakta, ama bireysel \u00f6yk\u00fclerde genel tipler g\u00f6rmemize izin vermektedir. <\/p>\n

Simge, giz dolu bir bilin\u00e7alt\u0131n\u0131n allay\u0131p pullay\u0131p \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcze getirdi\u011fi bir temsili istiare gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmemektedir: bu, o anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan nesneye benzer bir \u015fey arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir anlam\u0131n kavranmas\u0131d\u0131r; varolu\u015fsal durumun b\u00fct\u00fcn varolanlarda ayn\u0131 olu\u015fuyla bu bireylerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 yapayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da ayn\u0131 olu\u015fundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, \u00fcnlemler (bir nesnenin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyler), pek \u00e7ok bireye ayn\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir; simgecilik ak\u0131m\u0131 ne g\u00f6kten inmi\u015f, ne de yerden f\u0131\u015fk\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: t\u0131pk\u0131 dil gibi, hem bir ay\u0131rma, hem de bir mitsein olan \u0130nsani ger\u00e7eklik taraf\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu da, simgecilikte tekil t\u00fcrelimin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r: ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmc\u00fc y\u00f6ntem, \u00f6\u011freti izin verse de vermese de, uygulamada bunu kabul etmek zorundad\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 benimsemek, \u00f6rne\u011fin, genel olarak erkeklik organ\u0131na verilen de\u011feri anlayabilmemizi sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.(5) <\/p>\n

\u0130lkel insanlar mana\u2019da, totem\u2019de yabanc\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar: uygar insanlarsa bireysel ruhlar\u0131nda, kendi benlerinde, adlar\u0131nda, mallar\u0131nda, yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda: bu, sahicili\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fme konusundaki ilk e\u011filimdir. Erkeklik organ\u0131, o\u011flan \u00e7ocu\u011fu i\u00e7in, i\u015fte bu \u00abikinci ben\u00bb rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynamak \u00fczere bi\u00e7ilmi\u015f kaftand\u0131r: hem kendisine yabanc\u0131 bir nesne, hem de kendisidir; bir oyuncak, bir bebek, ayn\u0131 zamanda da kendi etidir; analar babalar ve dad\u0131lar ona minik bir ki\u015fi g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakarlar. Eh, bu durumda penis\u2019in \u00e7ocu\u011fun d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00abkendisinden daha kurnaz, daha zeki ve daha becerikli bir ikinci ben olmas\u0131\u00bb(6) son derece do\u011fal elbet; i\u015femeyle erkeklik organ\u0131n\u0131n kalkmas\u0131n\u0131n istemli s\u00fcre\u00e7le anl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7 aras\u0131nda bulunmalar\u0131ndan, \u00f6znel olarak duyulan, hemen hemen bireye yabanc\u0131, gelip ge\u00e7ici bir zevkin kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, ki\u015fi penis\u2019ine hem kendisi, hem de kendisinden ba\u015fka biri g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakar; a\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k onda elle tutulur g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr bi\u00e7imde yakalan\u0131r, bu y\u00fczden gurur kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r; erkeklik organ\u0131 bedenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan, erkek, kendisini a\u015fan ya\u015fam\u0131, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bireyselli\u011fine katabilir. Bunlar\u0131 bilince, penis\u2019in uzunlu\u011funun, sidi\u011fin d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, dikilme ve bo\u015falma s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki g\u00fcc\u00fcn erkek i\u00e7in kendi \u00f6z de\u011ferleri haline geli\u015fini anlamak kolayla\u015f\u0131yor.(7) <\/p>\n

Nitekim, erkeklik organ\u0131n\u0131n bedensel olarak a\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 simgeleyi\u015fi pek yayg\u0131nd\u0131r; \u00e7ocuk ayn\u0131 zamanda babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yani a\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n elinden al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissetti\u011finden, Freud\u2019un \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00abi\u011fdi\u015f edilme korkusu\u00bbnun kayna\u011f\u0131 da bulunmu\u015f oluyor. Bu ikinci ben\u2019den yoksun olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131z, minicik bir nesnede yabanc\u0131la\u015fmamakta, onunla zarar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karamamaktad\u0131r: dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, kendini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle nesne haline getirmeye, \u00d6teki varl\u0131k olarak ortaya koymaya itilmektedir; kendini o\u011flan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla k\u0131yaslay\u0131p k\u0131yaslamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci derecede bir sorundur; \u00f6nemli olan, fark\u0131na varmasa da, penis yoklu\u011funun onun kendisini belli bir cins gibi yakalamas\u0131n\u0131 engellemesidir; buysa, bir\u00e7ok sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur. <\/p>\n

Ancak, s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz bu de\u011fi\u015fmez nitelikler de bir yazg\u0131y\u0131 belirlemeye yetmez: erkeklik organ\u0131, daha ba\u015fka alanlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc simgeledi\u011fi i\u00e7in b\u00f6ylesine \u00f6nemlidir. Kad\u0131n kendini bir ki\u015fi diye olumlamay\u0131 ba\u015farabilirse, erkeklik organ\u0131na denk de\u011ferler t\u00fcretecektir; \u00e7ocuk umudunun dile geldi\u011fi bebek, erkeklik organ\u0131ndan daha de\u011ferli bir mal olabilir. Baz\u0131 anaerkil toplumlarda, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n elinde, toplulu\u011fun yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 birtak\u0131m maskeler vard\u0131r; bu gibi durumlarda, erkeklik organ\u0131 epey g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bedensel ayr\u0131cal\u0131k, ancak b\u00fct\u00fcnsel olarak kavranan bir durumda ger\u00e7ekten \u0130nsani bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k haline gelmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ruh\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, ancak tarihsel \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde do\u011frulu\u011funa kavu\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu kurama D. H. Lawrence\u2019ta da rastlamak epey ilgin\u00e7tir. T\u00fcyl\u00fc Y\u00fcan\u2019daki Don Cipriano, oyna\u015f\u0131n\u0131n doyuma ermemesi i\u00e7in elinden geleni yapar: kad\u0131n\u0131n zevk i\u00e7ersinde bireyselle\u015fmeyip erkekle birlikte titre\u015fmesi gerekmektedir.
\u00a02-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adler, insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesini yaln\u0131zca cinsellik \u00fcst\u00fcne oturtan bir dizgenin yetersizli\u011fini anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Freud\u2019dan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: o, bu geli\u015fmeyi ki\u015fili\u011fin t\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7ersine oturtmak ister; Freud\u2019da b\u00fct\u00fcn davran\u0131\u015flar arzu, yani zevk ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fmu\u015f gibi g\u00f6sterilirken, insano\u011flu Adler\u2019e birtak\u0131m erekler g\u00fcden bir varl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir; o, de\u011fi\u015fken \u00f6\u011fenin yerine g\u00fcd\u00fcleri, ereklili\u011fi, tasar\u0131lar\u0131 ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir; zekaya \u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yer ay\u0131r\u0131r ki, cinsel \u00f6\u011fe, \u00e7o\u011fu kez, ancak simgesel bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131r. Onun kuramlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, insan dram\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 andan kuruludur:
3-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Moise et son peuple (Musa ve Halk\u0131), \u00e7ev.: A. Berma\u0131m, s. 177.
4-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Freud: Totem ve Tabu.
5-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Varolu\u015fsal bir olgudan yola \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131k\u00e7a bunu anlamak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r: bu da, her \u00f6znenin yabanc\u0131la\u015fma\u2019ya duydu\u011fu e\u011filimdir; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011furdu\u011fu bunal\u0131m, ki\u015fiyi, kendini nesnelerde aramaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrmektedir; buysa kendinden ka\u00e7man\u0131n bir t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr; ve bu \u00f6ylesine g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir e\u011filimdir ki, \u00e7ocuk, s\u00fctten kesilmeyle B\u00fct\u00fcn\u2019den ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 an, aynalarda, anas\u0131n\u0131n babas\u0131n\u0131n bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda kendi yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yakalamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.
6-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alice Balint, La Vie intime de l\u2019enfant (\u00c7ocu\u011fun \u00d6znel Ya\u015fam\u0131), s. 101.
7-\u00a0\u00a0 Bana kaka etme yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 yapan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edildi: kal\u00e7alar\u0131 \u00f6b\u00fcrlerinden daha geni\u015f ve sa\u011flam olan, oyun ya da kavga s\u0131ras\u0131nda elde edilenlerle k\u0131yaslanmayacak kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131 elde ediyormu\u015f. Kaka, burda, erkeklik organ\u0131 yerine ge\u00e7mektedir: yine bir yabanc\u0131la\u015fma s\u00f6z konusu tabii.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Freud kad\u0131n\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131na pek ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmemi\u015ftir; onu tan\u0131mlarken, ancak birka\u00e7 \u00e7izgisini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi erkek yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temel ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Freud\u2019dan \u00f6nce, cinsel bilimci Maranon \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftu: “Bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f bir enerji olan ya\u015fam enerjisi (libido), bir bak\u0131ma, erke\u011fe \u00f6zg\u00fc bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Kad\u0131n\u0131n doyuma ermesi (orgasme) i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u015feyi s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.” Ona g\u00f6re, doyuma eren kad\u0131nlar “erkekle\u015firler”; cinsel at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-6902","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-psikoloji"},"yoast_head":"\nCinselli\u011fin insan ya\u015fam\u0131nda yabana at\u0131lmayacak bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r | Simone De Beauvoir - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2012\/09\/25\/cinselligin-insan-yasaminda-yabana-atilmayacak-bir-rol-oynadigi-aciktir-simone-de-beauvoir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cinselli\u011fin insan ya\u015fam\u0131nda yabana at\u0131lmayacak bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r | Simone De Beauvoir\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Freud kad\u0131n\u0131n yazg\u0131s\u0131na pek ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmemi\u015ftir; onu tan\u0131mlarken, ancak birka\u00e7 \u00e7izgisini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi erkek yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 temel ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Freud\u2019dan \u00f6nce, cinsel bilimci Maranon \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmu\u015ftu: “Bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f bir enerji olan ya\u015fam enerjisi (libido), bir bak\u0131ma, erke\u011fe \u00f6zg\u00fc bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. 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