{"id":7090,"date":"2018-08-03T13:35:03","date_gmt":"2018-08-03T10:35:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/"},"modified":"2024-04-27T13:08:37","modified_gmt":"2024-04-27T10:08:37","slug":"tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/","title":{"rendered":"Tarihsel Kapitalizm | Her \u015eeyin Metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Sermaye \u00dcretimi – Immanuel Wallerstein"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Kapitalizm her \u015feyden \u00f6nce tarihsel bir toplumsal sistemdir. Ka\u00adpitalizmin k\u00f6kenlerini, i\u015fleyi\u015fini ya da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki perspektifle\u00adrini anlamak i\u00e7in, var olan ger\u00e7ekli\u011fine bakmam\u0131z gerekir. Ku\u015f\u00adkusuz, bu ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi bir dizi soyut \u00f6nermeyle \u00f6zetlemeye giri\u015fe\u00adbiliriz, ancak, bu gibi soyutlamalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin de\u011ferlendirilme\u00adsinde ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullanmak aptall\u0131k olur. Bu neden\u00adle, b\u00f6yle yapmak yerine, kapitalizmin pratikte fiilen nas\u0131l oldu\u00ad\u011funu, sistem olarak nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini, neden b\u00f6yle bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ve \u015fimdilerde nereye y\u00f6neldi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u00admay\u0131 \u00f6neriyorum.<\/p>\n

Kapitalizm s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapitalden t\u00fcremi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle, serma\u00adyenin kapitalizmde kilit bir \u00f6\u011fe oldu\u011funu kabul etmek yerinde olur. Peki ama, sermaye nedir? Bir t\u00fcr kullan\u0131m\u0131yla, birikmi\u015f zenginlikten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Ancak, tarihsel kapitalizm ba\u011flam\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha \u00f6zg\u00fcl bir tan\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r. Burada s\u00f6z konusu olan yaln\u0131zca, para bi\u00e7iminde t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 stoku, makineler ya da maddi \u015feyler \u00fczerinde izin verilen hak talepleri de\u011fildir. Tarihsel kapitalizmde sermayenin yine ge\u00e7mi\u015fte harca\u00adnan eme\u011fin birikimlerinden t\u00fckenmemi\u015f olanlar\u0131na g\u00f6ndermede bulundu\u011funda ku\u015fku yoktur; ama her \u015fey bundan ibaret olsayd\u0131, geriye do\u011fru, Neanderthal adam\u0131nkine kadar t\u00fcm tarihsel sis\u00adtemlerin, kendilerinden \u00f6nceki eme\u011fin cisimle\u015fmesi olan bu gibi birikmi\u015f bir tak\u0131m stoklar\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, kapitalist ol\u00addu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilirdi.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel kapitalizm ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz tarihsel toplumsal siste\u00admin ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, bu tarihsel sistemde sermayenin \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bir yolla kullan\u0131ma girmesidir (yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131). Bu kullan\u0131mda ba\u015fl\u0131ca ama\u00e7 ya da niyet, sermayenin kendini b\u00fcy\u00fctmesidir. Sis\u00adtemde, ge\u00e7mi\u015f birikimler yaln\u0131zca daha fazla sermaye biriktir\u00admek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde “sermaye”dir. G\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi s\u00f6z konusu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz karma\u015f\u0131k, giderek dolamba\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, bizim kapitalist ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fimiz \u015fey, sermayeyi elinde tutan\u0131n dur durak bilmeyen ve ilgin\u00e7 bir bi\u00e7imde kendine d\u00f6n\u00fck olan bu gitgide daha \u00e7ok sermaye biriktirme hedefi ve sermayeyi elinde tutan\u0131n bu nedenle, hedefine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka ki\u015filerle kur\u00admak zorunda oldu\u011fu ili\u015fkilerdir. Ku\u015fkusuz tek ama\u00e7 bu de\u011fildir. \u00dcretim s\u00fcrecine ba\u015fka etkenler de kendini dayatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine de soru, bu etkenlerin birbiriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda hangisinin a\u011f\u0131r basma e\u011filiminde oldu\u011fudur. Alternatif ama\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda sermaye birikimi amac\u0131n\u0131n genellikle \u00f6ncelik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 her za\u00adman i\u00e7in, bir kapitalist sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015fini g\u00f6zlemlemekte oldu\u00ad\u011fumuzu hakl\u0131 olarak s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bireylerin ya da birey gruplar\u0131n\u0131n, daha da \u00e7ok sermaye elde etmek amac\u0131yla sermaye yat\u0131rma karar\u0131 almas\u0131 elbette her za\u00adman olanakl\u0131yd\u0131. Ama tarihsel zaman i\u00e7inde belli bir andan \u00f6n\u00adce, s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen ki\u015filerin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 kolay de\u011fildi. \u00d6n\u00adceki sistemlerde, uzun ve karma\u015f\u0131k sermaye birikimi s\u00fcreci, ba\u015f\u00adlang\u0131\u00e7 ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n var olmas\u0131 -daha \u00f6nce t\u00fcketilmemi\u015f mallar\u00addan olu\u015fan stoklar\u0131n az say\u0131da ki\u015finin elinde toplanmas\u0131 ya da m\u00fclkiyetinde olmas\u0131- durumunda bile hemen her seferinde \u015fu ya da bu noktada t\u0131kan\u0131yordu. Bizim varsay\u0131msal kapitalistin her zaman emek kullan\u0131m\u0131 elde etmesi, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle i\u015fi yapmak \u00fczere akl\u0131 \u00e7elinecek ya da zorda b\u0131rak\u0131lacak ki\u015filerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00adrekiyordu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler bulunup mallar \u00fcretilince bu mallann bir bi\u00ad\u00e7imde pazarlanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bunun anlam\u0131 da hem bir da\u00ad\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sisteminin, hem de mallan almak i\u00e7in yeterli kaynaklan olan bir al\u0131c\u0131lar grubunun gerekmesiydi. Mallar\u0131n, (sat\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 itibariyle) sat\u0131c\u0131ya olan maliyetlerinden daha y\u00fcksek bir fiyata sat\u0131lmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca bu fark pay\u0131n\u0131n, sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kendi ge\u00e7imi i\u00e7in ge\u00adrek duydu\u011fu miktar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde olmas\u0131 laz\u0131md\u0131. Modern dille, k\u00e2r gerekliydi. K\u00e2r sahibi daha sonra bunu yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in akla uygun bir firsat \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ncaya kadar al\u0131koyabilmeli, yat\u0131r\u0131nca da t\u00fcm bu s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7 \u00fcretim noktas\u0131nda kendini yenileyebilmeliydi.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de, modern zamanlardan \u00f6nce (sermayenin devri de denen) bu i\u015flemler zinciri ender olarak tamamlan\u0131rd\u0131. Bir ke\u00adre, \u00f6nceki tarihsel toplumsal sistemlerde zincirdeki halkalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, siyasal ve t\u00f6rel otoriteler taraf\u0131ndan ak\u0131ld\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve\/ya da t\u00f6re- d\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ancak, araya girme g\u00fcc\u00fc olanlar\u0131n do\u011frudan araya girmesi s\u00f6z konusu olmasa bile s\u00fcre\u00e7 genellikle -para bi\u00ad\u00e7iminde birikmi\u015f stok, \u00fcreticinin kullanaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar a\u011f\u0131, sat\u0131n alacak t\u00fcketiciler gibi- bir ya da birka\u00e7 \u00f6\u011fesinin bu\u00adlunmamas\u0131 sonucu yar\u0131da kesiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bir ya da birka\u00e7 \u00f6\u011fenin bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, \u00f6nceki tarih\u00adsel toplumsal sistemlerde bu \u00f6\u011felerin “metala\u015ft\u0131nlm\u0131\u015f” ya da ye\u00adterince “metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f” olmamas\u0131yd\u0131. Bunun anlam\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu s\u00fcrecin “piyasa” yoluyla i\u015flem g\u00f6rebilecek ya da g\u00f6rmesi ge\u00adreken bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 say\u0131lmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Tarihsel kapitalizm bu nedenle, daha \u00f6nce “piyasa” d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yollarla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde -yaln\u0131zca de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde de\u011fil, \u00fcretim, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve yat\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7\u00adlerinde de- yayg\u0131n bir metala\u015ft\u0131rma getirmi\u015ftir. Kapitalistler de, gitgide daha \u00e7ok sermaye biriktirme pe\u015finde, ekonomi ya\u015fam\u0131\u00adn\u0131n t\u00fcm alanlar\u0131nda bu toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin gitgide daha \u00e7o\u011funu metala\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kapitalizmin kendine d\u00f6n\u00fck bir s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7 olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, bunun sonucu, hi\u00e7bir toplumsal s\u00fcrecin olas\u0131 metala\u015ft\u0131nlmadan \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k kalmamas\u0131 olmu\u015f\u00adtur. Bu nedenle kapitalizmin tarihsel geli\u015fmesinin her \u015feyi metala\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki itilimi getirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da yeterli olmad\u0131. \u00dcre\u00adtim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, karma\u015f\u0131k meta zincirleri halinde birbirine ba\u011flan\u00add\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, t\u00fcm tarihsel kapitalizm deneyimi boyunca geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7\u00fcde \u00fcretilip sat\u0131lan tipik bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak giyim e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn. Giyim e\u015fyas\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in genellikle en az\u0131ndan kuma\u015f, ip\u00adlik, birtak\u0131m makineler ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc gerekir. Ancak, bu kalemlerin her biri de \u00fcretilmeyi gerektirir. Yine, bunlar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesinde kullan\u0131lacak kalemlerin de \u00fcretilmesi gerekir. Meta zincirindeki t\u00fcm alt s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, yayg\u0131n da olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatta, g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, ger\u00e7ekte zincir\u00addeki t\u00fcm halkalar\u0131n metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 durumunda genellikle daha \u00e7ok k\u00e2r elde edilir. A\u00e7\u0131k olan nokta, b\u00f6yle bir zincirde, bi\u00adlan\u00e7oya maliyet kalemi olarak kaydedilen birtak\u0131m \u00fccretler alan emek\u00e7ilerden olu\u015fmu\u015f \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bir k\u00fcmenin varl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, ama yine genellikle da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k du\u00adrumdaki (\u00fcstelik genellikle iktisadi ortaklar halinde birle\u015fmi\u015f ol\u00admay\u0131p ayr\u0131 iktisadi birimler olarak i\u015f g\u00f6ren) insanlardan olu\u015f\u00admu\u015f ve zincirin toplam \u00fcretim maliyeti ile, nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn elden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131ndan elde edilen toplam gelir aras\u0131ndaki son fark\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde payla\u015fan bir k\u00fcme vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ok say\u0131da \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini birbirine ba\u011flayan meta zincirleri bir kez olu\u015ftu mu, s\u00f6z konusu fark\u0131n hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r dalgalanmalar g\u00f6sterebildi\u011fi ko\u015fullarda, t\u00fcm kapitalistler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli genel bi\u00adrikim oran\u0131n\u0131n bu fark\u0131n ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclebildi\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir duruma geldi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k tek tek kapitalistler i\u00e7in ge\u00ad\u00e7erli birikim oran\u0131 bir “rekabet” s\u00fcrecinin i\u015flevi olmu\u015f, yarg\u0131la\u00adr\u0131nda daha isabetli olanlar, personelini daha iyi denetleyebilenler ve belirli (genel bir adland\u0131rmayla “tekeller” denen) piyasa i\u015fle\u00adyi\u015flerinde siyasal karar konusu k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara daha kolay eri\u015fen\u00adler daha kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu durum, sistemdeki ilk temel \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131f olarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcm kapitalistlerin \u00e7\u0131kan t\u00fcm \u00fcretim maliyet\u00adlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde yatar gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, ger\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015ftirilen maliyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fleri s\u0131k s\u0131k bir k\u0131s\u0131m kapitalistleri di\u011ferle\u00adri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcst\u00fcn duruma getirmi\u015f, bu nedenle de baz\u0131 kapita\u00adlistler genel fark\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 u\u011fruna k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir paya raz\u0131 ol\u00admak yerine daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir genel fark i\u00e7inde kendi paylar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fctmeyi ye\u011flemi\u015flerdir. Sistemde bir temel \u00e7eli\u015fki daha vard\u0131r. Gitgide daha \u00e7ok sermaye biriktirilip daha \u00e7ok s\u00fcre\u00e7 metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a ve gitgide daha \u00e7ok meta \u00fcretildik\u00e7e, ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmenin kilit gereklerinden biri, gitgide daha \u00e7ok al\u0131c\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Oysa ayn\u0131 zaman i\u00e7inde, \u00fcretim maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in harcanan \u00e7aba s\u0131kl\u0131kla para ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da azaltarak, birikim s\u00fcrecinin tamamlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan al\u0131c\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki s\u00fcreklili\u011fi \u00f6nlemi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan genel k\u00e2n al\u0131c\u0131 a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f\u00adletebilecek bi\u00e7imde yeniden da\u011f\u0131tmak s\u0131kl\u0131kla genel k\u00e2r marj\u0131n\u0131 daraltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle tek tek giri\u015fimciler bir yandan kendi i\u015f\u00adletmeleri i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru y\u00fcklenirken (\u00f6rne\u011fin kendi i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrken) ayn\u0131 anda (kolektif bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n mensu\u00adbu olarak) genel al\u0131c\u0131lar a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletecek y\u00f6ne de y\u00fcklenmek durumunda olmu\u015flard\u0131r (bu da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak, en az\u0131ndan ba\u00adz\u0131 \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetlerinde art\u0131\u015f getirmi\u015ftir).<\/p>\n

Kapitalizm ekonomisi b\u00f6ylelikle birikimin en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131ka\u00adr\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir niyete tabi olmu\u015ftur. Ancak, giri\u015fimciler i\u00e7in ak\u0131lc\u0131 olan\u0131n emek\u00e7iler i\u00e7in de ak\u0131lc\u0131 olmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu yok\u00adtur. Daha da \u00f6nemlisi, kolektif bir grup olarak t\u00fcm giri\u015fimciler i\u00e7in ak\u0131lc\u0131 olan\u0131n verili her giri\u015fimci i\u00e7in de ak\u0131lc\u0131 olmas\u0131 zorunlu\u00adlu\u011fu bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle, herkesin kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015fin\u00adde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yeterli de\u011fildir. Kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131, bireyleri genellikle ve t\u00fcm\u00fcyle “ak\u0131lc\u0131” bir bi\u00e7imde, z\u0131t y\u00f6nde etkinliklere giri\u015fmeye itmektedir. Herkesin kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin alg\u0131lama\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k ideolojik \u00f6rt\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00f6lgelendi\u00ad\u011fini ve sapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu an bilmiyorsak da, uzun vadeli reel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131 son derece karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eimdilik, tarihsel ka\u00adpitalizmin ger\u00e7ekten bir homo economicus yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fini ge\u00e7ici olarak kabul ediyorum, ancak, bu insan\u0131n kafas\u0131n\u0131n hemen hemen ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde bir miktar kan\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funu ekliyorum.<\/p>\n

Oysa bu durum, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran “nesnel” k\u0131s\u0131tlardan biridir. Belli bir birey iktisadi yarg\u0131lar\u0131nda durmadan hata yapar\u00adsa, hatalar\u0131n nedeni ister bilmezlik, aptall\u0131k, isterse ideolojik \u00f6n\u00adyarg\u0131 olsun, bu birey (firma) piyasada varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrememe yolundad\u0131r. \u0130flas, kapitalist sistemin ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir temizlik mal\u00adzemesi olmu\u015f, t\u00fcm iktisadi akt\u00f6rleri durmadan ve \u015fu ya da bu \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7\u00fcde, \u00e7ok \u00e7i\u011fnenmi\u015f yollan izlemeye zorlam\u0131\u015f, kolektif olarak gitgide daha \u00e7ok sermaye birikmesini sa\u011flayan y\u00f6nde davran\u00admalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tarihsel kapitalizm, temel iktisadi etkinlik i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7erli olan ya da a\u011f\u0131r basan iktisadi amac\u0131n ya da “yasa”n\u0131n s\u0131\u00adn\u0131rs\u0131z sermaye birikimi oldu\u011fu o somut, zamanla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, mek\u00e2nla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, t\u00fcmle\u015fik \u00fcretim etkinlikleri yeridir. Bu toplumsal sis-tem, i\u00e7inde b\u00f6ylesi kurallara g\u00f6re i\u015f g\u00f6renlerin, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fczerinde, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 kal\u0131plara uymak ya da uymaman\u0131n sonu\u00e7la\u00adr\u0131na katlanmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yaratacak \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7\u00fcde etkide bulunabildikleri sistemdir.<\/p>\n

Bu toplumsal sistem, s\u00f6z konusu kurallara kar\u015f\u0131 toplumsal muhalefetin g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde canl\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada bile, kurallar\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131n (de\u011fer yasas\u0131) g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015fledi\u011fi, uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f derecede uzla\u015fmaz duruma geldi\u011fi ve kurallar\u0131n toplumsal dokuya i\u015fleme derecesi\u00adnin g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemdir.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel kapitalizmle ne kastedildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin bu a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 kullanarak hangi somut, zamanla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, mek\u00e2nla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 t\u00fcmle\u00ad\u015fik yere g\u00f6ndermede bulunuldu\u011funu hepimiz saptayabiliriz. Be\u00adnim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, bu tarihsel sistemin do\u011fu\u015funun onbe\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlan Avrupas\u0131’nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131; sistemin zaman i\u00e7inde, ondoku- zuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde t\u00fcm yerk\u00fcresini kaplayacak bi\u00e7imde mek\u00e2n i\u00e7inde de geni\u015fledi\u011fi; bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 t\u00fcm yerk\u00fcresi\u00adni kaplamakta oldu\u011fudur. Zaman-mek\u00e2n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6yle sine alelacele \u00e7izilmesinin pek \u00e7ok zihinde ku\u015fku uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark ediyorum. Bununla birlikte bu ku\u015fkular iki t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Birinci t\u00fcr ku\u015fkular ampiriktir. Rusya on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda Avrupa d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin i\u00e7inde miydi, d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda m\u0131? Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kapitalist d\u00fcnya sisteminin b\u00fcnyesine tam olarak ne zaman dahil oklu? Verili bir \u00fclkenin verili bir i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesini verili bir zamanda kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisiyle ger\u00e7ekten “t\u00fcmle\u015fmi\u015f” sayabilir iniyiz? Bu sorular hem kendi i\u00e7inde hem de yan\u0131tlar\u0131m vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken tarihsel kapitalizm s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine ili\u015fkin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeleri\u00admizi daha bir netle\u015ftirmek zorunda kalmam\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u00ad\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ama, \u00fczerinde tart\u0131\u015fma ve geli\u015ftirmelerin s\u00fcrmekte oldu\u011fu bu \u00e7ok say\u0131daki ampirik sorguyu ele alman\u0131n ne yeri ne de zaman\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci t\u00fcr ku\u015fkular ise do\u011frudan do\u011fruya, az \u00f6nce \u00f6nerdi\u011fim t\u00fcmevar\u0131ma s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rman\u0131n yarar\u0131na ili\u015fkindir. \u0130\u015fyerinde \u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcl bir toplumsal ili\u015fki bi\u00e7imi -\u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran \u00f6zel giri\u00ad\u015fimcilerin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu ili\u015fkiler- olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda ka\u00adpitalizmin var oldu\u011funun s\u00f6ylenebilece\u011fini kabul etmeyenler vard\u0131r. Verili bir devlet, sanayi dallar\u0131n\u0131 devletle\u015ftirdi ve sosya\u00adlist \u00f6\u011fretilere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettiyse, o devletin, s\u00f6z konusu edimler ve sonu\u00e7lan yoluyla kapitalist d\u00fcnya sistemine kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131\u00adn\u0131 sona erdirdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek isteyenler vard\u0131r. Bunlar ampirik de\u011fil kuramsal sorgulard\u0131r ve bu tart\u0131\u015fma boyunca bunlar\u0131 ele al\u00admaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Ancak, bu sorunlar\u0131n t\u00fcmdengelimsel bir bi\u00ad\u00e7imde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131, ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma yerine kar\u015f\u0131t inan\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan ibaret kalaca\u011f\u0131ndan, yerinde olmayacakt\u0131r. Dola\u00ady\u0131s\u0131yla, t\u00fcmevar\u0131ma s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmam\u0131z\u0131n alternatif y\u00f6ntemlerden daha yararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu y\u00f6ntemin tarihsel ger\u00e7eklik ko\u00adnusunda kolektif olarak \u015fu an bildiklerimizi daha kolay ve ince bir bi\u00e7imde kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bize bu ger\u00e7eklik i\u00e7in, \u015fimdiyle ilgili olarak daha etkili edimlerde bulunmam\u0131z\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lan bir yo\u00adrum sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek, s\u00f6z konusu sorunlar\u0131 bulgusal bir bi\u00e7imde ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, kapitalist sistemin fiilen nas\u0131l i\u015flemi\u015f oldu\u011funa bakal\u0131m. \u00dcreticinin amac\u0131 sermaye birikimidir demek, \u00fcretici, verili bir \u00fcr\u00fcnden olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok \u00fcreterek kendisine en y\u00fck\u00adsek k\u00e2r ma\u0131j\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bi\u00e7imde sat\u0131\u015fa sunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak de\u00admektir. Bununla birlikte \u00fcretici bunlar\u0131, kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z deyi\u015fle “piyasa”da var olan bir dizi iktisadi k\u0131s\u0131t i\u00e7inde yapacakt\u0131r. Top\u00adlam \u00fcretimi ise zorunlu olarak, malzeme girdisi, i\u015f\u00e7i, m\u00fc\u015fteriler ve yat\u0131r\u0131m taban\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmeye yarayacak paraya eri\u015fim gibi \u015feylerin (g\u00f6reli olarak ilk elde) bulunabilirli\u011fiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcre\u00adticinin k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde \u00fcretebilece\u011fi miktar ve talep edebilece\u011fi k\u00e2r ma\u0131j\u0131, “rakipleri”nin ayn\u0131 mal\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlarla sat\u0131\u015fa sunma yetisiyle de s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r; burada s\u00f6z konusu olan, d\u00fcnya pi\u00adyasas\u0131n\u0131n her yerindeki rakipleri de\u011fil, \u00fcreticinin fiilen sat\u0131\u015f yap\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlan daha belirgin olarak \u00e7izilmi\u015f, ayn\u0131 yerel piyasadaki (verili durumda bu piyasa nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlan\u0131rsa tan\u0131mlans\u0131n) rakip\u00adleridir. \u00dcretimindeki art\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131ca, artan \u00fcretim taraf\u0131ndan “yerel” piyasada yarat\u0131lacak fiyat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc etkinin, \u00fcreticinin kendi top\u00adlam \u00fcretimi \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi toplam reel k\u00e2r\u0131 fiilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme derecesiyle k\u0131s\u0131tlanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc nesnel k\u0131s\u0131tlard\u0131r, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, verili bir \u00fcreticinin ya da piyasada etkin olan ba\u015fka binlerinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dizi \u00f6zel karar olmad\u0131k\u00e7a piyasada var olan k\u0131s\u0131tlard\u0131r ve somut bir zaman ve yer i\u00e7inde var olan toplam toplumsal s\u00fcrecin sonu\u00adcudur. Ku\u015fkusuz her zaman, \u00e7ekip \u00e7evirmeye daha a\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131s\u0131tla\u00admalar da vard\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler, iktisadi se\u00e7enekleri ve bu nedenle k\u00e2r hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015ftiren \u00e7e\u015fitli kurallar saptayabilir ya da saptam\u0131\u015f olabilir. Verili bir \u00fcretici, var olan kurallann ya- rarlan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ya da kurban\u0131 olabilir. Yine verili bir \u00fcretici, siyasal makamlan, kurallan kendi lehine de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u00ad\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcreticiler sermaye biriktirme yetilerini en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u00admak i\u00e7in nas\u0131l hareket etmi\u015flerdir? \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde her zaman \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ve nicel anlam ta\u015f\u0131yan bir \u00f6\u011fe olmu\u015ftur. Biri\u00adkim pe\u015findeki \u00fcretici, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn iki ayr\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ilgilidir: bulu\u00adnabilirli\u011fi ve maliyeti. Bulunabilirlik sorunu genellikle \u015f\u00f6yle or\u00adtaya konmu\u015ftur: Verili bir zamanda, piyasan\u0131n istikrarl\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u00ady\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da en iyi say\u0131 olmas\u0131 durumunda, sabitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f toplum\u00adsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri (verili bir \u00fcretici i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fmeyen say\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7i) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyet sa\u011flayabilir. Ancak, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazan darald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sabit olmas\u0131, \u00fcretici i\u00e7in reel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetini art\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi durumunda ise i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131\u00adn\u0131n sabit olmas\u0131 \u00fcreticinin k\u00e2r f\u0131rsatlanndan yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ola\u00adnaks\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan kapitalist a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015fken personelin de sak\u0131ncalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. De\u011fi\u015fken personel, tan\u0131m\u0131 gere\u011fi, ille de kesin\u00adtisiz olarak ayn\u0131 \u00fcretici i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmeyen personeldir. Bu nedenle bu gibi i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u00fccretlerinin miktann\u0131 ge\u00e7imleri bak\u0131\u00adm\u0131ndan reel gelirlerindeki oynamalann etkisini gidermeye yete\u00adcek uzunlukta bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek zorunda kal\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klan i\u015ften, ge\u00e7imleri\u00adni \u00fccret alamad\u0131klan d\u00f6nemlerde de sa\u011flamaya yetecek kadar kazanmalan gerekmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fken personelin \u00fcreti\u00adcilere olan saat ve ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na maliyeti genellikle, sabit persone- linkine g\u00f6re daha fazla olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00e7eli\u015fkiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda -burada da kapitalist \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin ta i\u00e7indeki bir \u00e7eli\u015fkiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z- bu\u00adnun tarihsel olarak sorunlu bir uzla\u015fmayla sonu\u00e7lanaca\u011f\u0131ndan emin olabiliriz. Ger\u00e7ekte ne olup bitti\u011fini g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irelim. Ta\u00adrihsel kapitalizmden \u00f6nceki tarihsel sistemlerde personel \u00e7o\u011fun\u00adlukla (hi\u00e7bir zaman t\u00fcm\u00fcyle de\u011fil) sabitti. Baz\u0131 durumlarda \u00fcre\u00adticinin personeli kendisinden ya da ailesinden ibaret, bu nedenle de, tan\u0131m\u0131 gere\u011fi sabitti. Baz\u0131 durumlarda \u00fcreticiye, \u00e7e\u015fitli yasal ve\/ya da geleneksel d\u00fczenlemeler (\u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00f6lelik bi\u00e7imleri, bor\u00e7 k\u00f6leli\u011fi, toprak k\u00f6leli\u011fi, s\u00fcrekli kirac\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fczenlemeleri vb. de i\u00e7inde) yoluyla, akrabal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131 olmayan emek\u00e7iler de ba\u011fl\u0131 olu\u00adyordu. Bu ba\u011flant\u0131 bazen \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu, bazen s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u00fcreler i\u00e7in oluyor ve iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yineleniyordu; ancak, bu t\u00fcr s\u00fcre sm\u0131rlamalannm anlaml\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, yenileme zaman\u0131 geldi\u011fin\u00adde ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i alternatiflerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bu durumda d\u00fc\u00adzenlemelerin sabitli\u011fi, yaln\u0131zca verili bir personelin ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in de\u011fil, di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in de sorun yarat\u0131yor\u00addu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc di\u011fer \u00fcreticilerin kendi etkinliklerini b\u00fcy\u00fctebilmeleri de, do\u011fall\u0131kla, sabit olmayan personel bulunabilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7ok s\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bu t\u00fcr kayg\u0131lar, az ya da \u00e7ok en y\u00fcksek \u00fccreti teklif eden i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya haz\u0131r bir grup insan\u0131n her zaman bulunabilmesi anlam\u0131na gelen \u00fccretli emek kurumu- nun, \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseldi\u011fi temeli olu\u015fturuyordu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten emek piyasas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi olarak, eme\u011fini satan insanlardan ise proleter olarak s\u00f6z ediyoruz. Tarihsel kapitalizmde i\u015f\u00e7iler gitgi\u00adde daha \u00e7ok proleterle\u015fmi\u015ftir derken yeni bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemi\u015f olmu\u00adyorum. \u00d6nerme yeni olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, hi\u00e7bir \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 yan\u0131 da yok\u00adtur. Proleterle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin \u00fcreticilere getirdi\u011fi yararlar bol bol belgelenmi\u015ftir. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olan, proleterle\u015fmenin b\u00f6ylesine fazla olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, b\u00f6ylesine az olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Tarihsel bir toplumsal sis\u00adtemin en az\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonunda bug\u00fcn kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde tam olarak proleterle\u015fmi\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i miktar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde elli oldu\u011fu bile s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n

Bu istatisti\u011fin, nas\u0131l hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kimin hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde ku\u015fku yoktur. Temelde \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i ola\u00adrak resmen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir durumdaki eri\u015fkin erkeklere dayal\u0131, iktisa- den etkin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc denen i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne ili\u015fkin resmi istatistikleri kulla\u00adn\u0131rsak, bug\u00fcn \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00fczdesinin akla uygun y\u00fckseklikte bir y\u00fczde oldu\u011funun s\u00f6ylendi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz (ger\u00e7i bu durumda bile, d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeyinde hesaplanan fiili y\u00fczde, \u00e7o\u011fu kuramsal \u00f6nerme\u00adnin varsayd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr). Oysa eme\u011fiyle meta zincir\u00adleri b\u00fcnyesinde \u015fu ya da bu bi\u00e7imde yer alan t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131 dik\u00adkate al\u0131rsak -b\u00f6ylelikle pratikte t\u00fcm eri\u015fkin kad\u0131nlar\u0131, ayr\u0131ca eri\u015fkinlik \u00f6ncesi ve ilk-eri\u015fkinlik sonras\u0131 ya\u015f gruplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok ge\u00adni\u015f bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc (yani gen\u00e7leri ve ya\u015fl\u0131lan) hesaba katt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00adda- proleter y\u00fczdesi keskin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Hesab\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 yapmadan \u00f6nce bir ad\u0131m daha atal\u0131m. “Proleter” tikelinin birey i\u00e7in k\u0131\u0131llan\u0131lmas\u0131 kavramsal olarak yararl\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? Ku\u015fkuluyum. Bireyler, daha \u00f6nceki tarihsel sistemlerde oldu\u011fu gibi tarihsel kapitalizmde de, hane ad\u0131n\u0131 verebilece\u011fimiz, cari gelir ve birikmi\u015f sermayeden olu\u015fan bir ortak fon kullanan, g\u00f6-rel\u0131 olarak istikrarl\u0131 yap\u0131lar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ya\u015fama e\u011filiminde ol\u00admu\u015ftur. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n birey giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla s\u00fcrekli olarak defi sinesi ger\u00e7e\u011fi, haneyi gelir ve harcama cinsinden akla uygun bir hesap birimi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karmaz. Ya\u015famlar\u0131m s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek is- t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc hesaplamakta ve bu gelirleri, yapmalar\u0131 gereken reel harcamalar cinsinden de\u011ferlendirmektedir. En az d\u00fczeydeki ge\u00adlirle ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine, bunun fazlas\u0131 olan gelirle do- yundurucu sayd\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015fam tarz\u0131ndan yararlanmaya, daha fazla\u00ads\u0131 ile ise, sermaye biriktiriri olarak kapitalist oyuna girmeye \u00e7a\u00adl\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu etkinliklere giri\u015fen iktisadi birim, t\u00fcm reel a\u00e7\u0131lardan, hanedir. Hane genellikle i\u00e7inde akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkisi bulu\u00adnan bir birim olmakla birlikte, bazen bu ili\u015fki yoktur, ya da en az\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca bu ili\u015fki s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Hane halk\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu durumda ayn\u0131 yerde bar\u0131nmakta, ancak metala\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci iler\u00adledik\u00e7e durum gitgide daha az b\u00f6yle olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flara \u00fcretken olan ve olmayan emek aras\u0131ndaki ay\u00adn\u0131n\u0131n dayat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131, b\u00f6yle bir hane yap\u0131s\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. Fiilen, \u00fcretken emek (ba\u015fta \u00fccret olmak \u00fczere) para ge\u00adtiren emek olarak, \u00fcretken olmayan emek ise, \u00e7ok gerekli olmak\u00adla birlikte yaln\u0131zca “ge\u00e7im” etkinli\u011fi oldu\u011fu ve bu nedenle ba\u015fka\u00adlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan el konabilecek bir “art\u0131k” \u00fcretmedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenen emek olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r olmu\u015ftur. \u00dcretken olmayan emek, ya d\u00fc\u00adped\u00fcz metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck (ama bu durumlarda ger\u00ad\u00e7ekten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck) meta \u00fcretimi i\u00e7eren emektir. Emek t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131n\u00addaki farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma, bu t\u00fcrlere ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f belirli roller yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dcretken (\u00fccretli) emek \u00f6nce\u00adlikle eri\u015fkin erke\u011fin\/baban\u0131n, ikincil bir d\u00fczeyde de hanedeki di\u00ad\u011fer (daha gen\u00e7) eri\u015fkin erkeklerin i\u015fi olmu\u015ftur. \u00dcretken olmayan (ge\u00e7ime y\u00f6nelik) emek ise \u00f6ncelikle eri\u015fkin di\u015finin\/annenin ve ikincil d\u00fczeyde di\u011fer di\u015filerin, art\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fidir. \u00dcretken i\u015f hane d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, “i\u015fyeri”nde, \u00fcretken olmayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ise hane i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Buradaki ayr\u0131m \u00e7izgisi ku\u015fkusuz mutlak de\u011fildir, ancak, ta\u00adrihsel kapitalizmde olduk\u00e7a net ve zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir duruma gelmi\u015f\u00adtir. Cinse ve ya\u015fa g\u00f6re reel i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihsel kapitalizme ait bir bulu\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. En az\u0131ndan, baz\u0131 g\u00f6revler i\u00e7in bi\u00adyolojik gereklerin ve s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n (cinse ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, ay\u00adr\u0131ca ya\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, bu i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bir olas\u0131l\u0131k her zaman var olmu\u015ftur. Hiyerar\u015fik aile ve\/ya da hane yap\u0131s\u0131 da kapitalizmin bulu\u015fu olmay\u0131p, \u00e7oktan beri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel kapitalizmde yeni olan, i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile eme\u011fin de\u011fer\u00adlendirilmesi aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131d\u0131r*. Genellikle erkekler kad\u0131nlar\u00addan farkl\u0131 (ve eri\u015fkinler, \u00e7ocuklarla ya\u015fl\u0131lardan farkl\u0131) i\u015fler yap\u00adm\u0131\u015f olabilirse de, tarihsel kapitalizmde eri\u015fkin \u00fccretli erkek “ek\u00admek paras\u0131 kazanan” olarak, eri\u015fkin ev i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131n ise “ev kad\u0131\u00adn\u0131” olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle, kendisi de kapitalist sistemin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan ulusal istatistikler derlenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u00adda, t\u00fcm ekmek paras\u0131 kazananlar iktisadi olarak etkin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00adden say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ama hi\u00e7bir ev kad\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6yle say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cinsi- yet\u00e7ilik b\u00f6yle kurumla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eme\u011fin temeldeki bu farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131n- c\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesinin ard\u0131ndan, gayet mant\u0131kl\u0131 olarak, yasal ya da benzeri cins ayr\u0131m ya da ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k mekanizmalar\u0131 gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Burada, uzat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ocukluk\/ergenlik kavram\u0131 ile hastal\u0131\u011fa ya da zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan “emeklilik” kavram\u0131n\u0131n da, tarihsel kapitalizmin do\u011fmakta olan hane yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl do\u011fal sonu\u00e7\u00adlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu kaydedebiliriz. Bu kavramlar s\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki “ilerici” \u00f6nlemler olarak anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Oysa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmama olarak yeniden tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 di\u00adye anla\u015f\u0131lmalar\u0131 daha yerinde olur. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n uygulamal\u0131 e\u011fitim etkinliklerine ve emekli eri\u015fkinlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6revlerine bir t\u00fcr “e\u011flenme” etiketi yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece emek olarak kat\u00adk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, “as\u0131l” \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n “a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131”ndan kurtulmalar\u0131na uygun bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k denerek de\u011ferden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi yoluyla, yaralamaya bir de hakaret eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu ayr\u0131mlar, ideoloji olarak, eme\u011fin metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yay\u00adg\u0131n ama ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. \u00d6r\u00adne\u011fin, d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde reel gelirlerinin (ya da t\u00fcm bi\u00e7imler\u00adde, toplam gelirlerinin) y\u00fczde ellisinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 hane d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yoluyla elde eden ka\u00e7 hane oldu\u011funu hesaplarsak, y\u00fczdenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda san\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7abucak \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fe\u00adriz; bu durum yaln\u0131zca \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7in de\u011fil, kapitalist d\u00fcn\u00adya ekonomisinin tarihsel geli\u015fmesi boyunca y\u00fczdenin s\u00fcrekli bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f olmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bug\u00fcn bile ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

Bunu nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz? \u00c7ok zor oldu\u011funu sanm\u0131yorum. \u00dccretli emek kullanan \u00fcreticinin her zaman ve her yerde daha y\u00fcksek de\u011fil daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret \u00f6demeyi ye\u011fleyece\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131y\u00adla, \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015fi kabul etmede katlanabilecekleri d\u00fczeyin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6m\u00fcrleri boyunca i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 hanenin t\u00fcr\u00fc\u00adne ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7ok basit bir anlat\u0131mla, ayn\u0131 i\u015fi ayn\u0131 etkililik d\u00fczeyiyle yapan \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilerden, \u00fccret geliri y\u00fczdesi y\u00fcksek bir hane halk\u0131na (buna proleter hane halk\u0131 diyelim) mensup ola\u00adn\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretli i\u015fi daha az\u0131na yapmay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde akla ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulaca\u011f\u0131 parasal e\u015fik, \u00fccret geliri y\u00fczdesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan bir hane halk\u0131na (buna da yar\u0131-proleter hane halk\u0131 diyelim) mensup ola- nmkinden y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n

Kabul edilebilecek en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret e\u015fi\u011fi ad\u0131n\u0131 verebilece\u011fimiz bu e\u015fikte g\u00f6r\u00fclen fark\u0131n nedeni, hayatta kalma ekonomisi ile ilgi\u00adlidir. Proleter hane halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle \u00fccret gelirine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u00ad\u011fu durumlarda bu \u00fccret, hayatta kalman\u0131n ve yeniden \u00fcretimin gerektirdi\u011fi en az giderleri kar\u015f\u0131lamak durumundad\u0131r. Oysa \u00fcc\u00adretlerin toplam hane gelirindeki pay\u0131 daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, bireyin, hane gelirine, (\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan saatler cinsinden) reel gelirdeki oransal pay\u0131n\u00addan daha az katk\u0131da bulunan bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fi kabul etme\u00adsi genellikle akla uygun olmu\u015f -bu arada ne de olsa, gerekli nakit paran\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 (bu gereklilik genellikle yasal olarak daya\u00adt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) sonucunu da vermi\u015f- kabul etmemesi halinde o \u00fccretli i\u015fin yerini daha da az gelir getiren i\u015flerin almas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu durumda yar\u0131-proleter hane halklar\u0131nda olan \u015fudur: Di\u011fer reel gelir bi\u00e7imlerini elde edenler -ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle temelde kendi t\u00fcketimleri i\u00e7in ya da yerel pazarda sat\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in, ya da her ikisine de y\u00f6nelik olarak evde \u00fcretim yapanlar-, ister hane hal\u00adk\u0131n\u0131n (her cinsten ya da ya\u015ftan) di\u011fer mensuplan, isterse ya\u015fa\u00adm\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer zamanlar\u0131nda \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7inin kendisi s\u00f6z konusu ol\u00adsun, kabul edilebilecek en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret e\u015fi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren art\u0131klar yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle, \u00fccretli olmayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma baz\u0131 \u00fcretici\u00adler i\u00e7in, i\u015f\u00e7iye daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret \u00f6deyerek kendi \u00fcretim maliyet\u00adlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme ve k\u00e2r ma\u0131jlanm art\u0131rma olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda genel bir kural olarak \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran her i\u015fvere\u00adnin, kendi i\u015f\u00e7ileri proleter hanelerden \u00e7ok yar\u0131-proleter haneler\u00adde yer als\u0131n istemesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u015eimdi zaman-mek\u00e2n bo\u00adyunca tarihsel kapitalizmin genel ampirik ger\u00e7ekli\u011fine bakarsak \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, yar\u0131-proleter hanelerden \u00e7ok proleter hanelerde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7ok elde edilen istatistik de\u011fer oldu\u011funu hemen bulgular\u0131z. Sorunumuz zihinsel olarak birden ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fcr. Proleterle\u015fmenin varl\u0131k nedenlerini a\u00e7\u0131klama noktas\u0131ndan, proleterle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin neden b\u00f6ylesine eksik kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kla\u00adma noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015f olduk. \u015eimdi daha da ileri gitmek zorunda\u00ady\u0131z: Peki neden proleterle\u015fme oldu?<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada artan proleterle\u015fmenin, birincil olarak giri\u015fimci ta\u00adbakalardan gelen toplumsal-siyasal bask\u0131lara ba\u011flanabilece\u011finin \u00e7ok ku\u015fkulu oldu\u011funu hemen s\u00f6yleyeyim. Tam tersine. Bu ko\u00adnuda ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcmelerine yol a\u00e7an pek \u00e7ok g\u00fcd\u00fcleri olmu\u015fa benzemektedir. En ba\u015fta, az \u00f6nce de ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, verili bir b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli say\u0131da yar\u0131-proleter hane halk\u0131n\u0131n proleter hane halk\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fverenlerin \u00f6dedi\u00ad\u011fi en az reel \u00fccret d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltme e\u011filiminde olmu\u015ftur. \u0130kin\u00adcisi, artan proleterle\u015fmenin ileride tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z siyasal sonu\u00e7\u00adlan olmu\u015f, bu sonu\u00e7lar hem i\u015fverenler i\u00e7in olumsuz hem de k\u00fc\u00adm\u00fclatif olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle verili co\u011frafi-iktisadi b\u00f6lgelerdeki \u00fccret-maa\u015f d\u00fczeylerini eninde sonunda daha da y\u00fckseltici bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de, \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fverenler prole\u00adterle\u015ftirme konusunda \u00f6ylesine isteksiz olmu\u015ftur ki, cinse\/ya\u015fa g\u00f6re i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmenin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, kendi istihdam kal\u0131p\u00adlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ve siyasal alandaki etkileme g\u00fcc\u00fc yoluyla, tan\u0131mlan\u00adm\u0131\u015f etnik gruplar\u0131n kabul edilmesini \u00f6zendirerek bu gruplan i\u015f\u00adg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7inde, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k reel \u00fccret d\u00fczeyleri farkl\u0131 olan \u00f6zg\u00fcl rollere ba\u011flamaya da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Etniklik, yar\u0131-proleter hane yap\u0131s\u0131 kal\u0131plann\u0131 peki\u015ftiren k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir kabuk yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr bir etnikli\u011fin do\u011fu\u015funun emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in siyasal ba\u00adk\u0131mdan da b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc bir rol oynamas\u0131, i\u015fverenler i\u00e7in siyasal bir \u00f6zendiririyse de, bu s\u00fcrecin ba\u015fta gelen itici g\u00fcc\u00fc olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeyim.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, tarihsel kapitalizmde zaman i\u00e7inde proleter\u00adle\u015fmenin nas\u0131l olup da art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini anlayabilmemiz i\u00e7in, i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u00fcretim etkinli\u011fi yer alan meta zincir\u00adleri konusuna d\u00f6nmemiz gerekiyor. Kendimizi, “piyasa”n\u0131n, ilk \u00fcretici ile nihai t\u00fcketicinin y\u00fcz y\u00fcze geldi\u011fi yer oldu\u011fu bi\u00e7imin\u00addeki basitle\u015ftirici imgeden kurtarmal\u0131y\u0131z. Ku\u015fkusuz bu t\u00fcr pazaryerleri var ve hep oldu. Ancak, tarihsel kapitalizmde bu t\u00fcr\u00adden pazaryeri i\u015flemleri, t\u00fcm i\u015flemler i\u00e7inde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yer tut\u00admu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015flemlerin \u00e7o\u011fu, uzun bir meta zinciri i\u00e7inde yer alan iki ara \u00fcretici aras\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f bi\u00e7imindedir. Al\u0131c\u0131 kendi \u00fcre\u00adtim s\u00fcreci i\u00e7in bir “girdi” sat\u0131n almaktad\u0131r. Sat\u0131c\u0131 ise “yan ma\u00admul bir \u00fcr\u00fcn”, yani, do\u011frudan ki\u015fisel t\u00fcketime y\u00f6nelik olan ni\u00adhai kullan\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz yan mamul durumunda bir \u00fcr\u00fcn satmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu “ara piyasalar”da verilen fiyat m\u00fccadelesi, al\u0131c\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, meta zinciri boyunca \u00f6nceki t\u00fcm emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden elde edil\u00admi\u015f olan k\u00e2r\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131c\u0131dan koparma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 temsil et\u00admi\u015ftir. Belirli bir mek\u00e2n-zaman ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde m\u00fccadeleyi be\u00adlirleyen elbette ki arz ve taleptir, ancak, hi\u00e7bir zaman tek ba\u015f\u0131na de\u011fil. Bir kere, ku\u015fkusuz, arz ve talebin tekelci k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar yo\u00adluyla \u00e7ekip \u00e7evrilebilmesi s\u00f6z konusudur ve bu durum istisnai olmaktan \u00e7ok ola\u011fan durum olmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci nokta, sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n, ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131ndaki fiyat\u0131 dikey t\u00fcmle\u015fme yoluyla etkileyebil- mesidir. “Sat\u0131c\u0131” ve “al\u0131c\u0131” ger\u00e7ekte nihai olarak ayn\u0131 firmaysa fiyatla mali ve di\u011fer bak\u0131mlardan istendi\u011fi gibi oynanm\u0131\u015f, ama b\u00f6yle bir fiyat hi\u00e7bir zaman arz ile talebin etkile\u015fmesini yans\u0131t\u00admam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u0131pk\u0131 “yatay” tekel gibi dikey t\u00fcmle\u015fme de seyrek de\u00ad\u011fildir. En g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar \u00f6rneklerini yak\u0131ndan biliyoruz: on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131ldan on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar, imtiyazl\u0131 \u015firketler; on do\u00adkuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck ticarethaneleri; yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00e7oku\u00adluslu \u015firketleri. Bunlar belli bir meta zincirine olabildi\u011fi kadar \u00e7ok halka s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan b\u00fct\u00fcnsel yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Ama bir zin\u00adcirde yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 (hatta iki) halkay\u0131 kapsayan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck di\u00adkey t\u00fcmle\u015fme \u00f6rnekleri daha da yayg\u0131n olmu\u015ftur. Tarihsel kapi\u00adtalizmde istatistik olarak en \u00e7ok elde edilen de\u011ferin, sat\u0131c\u0131yla al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten ayr\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu meta zincirlerinde yer alan “piyasa” ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok dikey ba\u011f\u00adlant\u0131lar oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmek akla uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Meta zincirleri ise co\u011frafi y\u00f6nleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan rasgele olu\u015f\u00admam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zincirlerin t\u00fcm\u00fc haritalara \u00e7izilse, bi\u00e7im bak\u0131m\u0131ndan merkezcil olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fck. \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktalan \u00e7ok say\u0131da, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k var\u0131\u015f noktalan birka\u00e7 alanda birle\u015fme e\u011filimindedir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, meta zincirleri kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin \u00e7evrelerinden merkezlerine do\u011fru gitme e\u011filimindedir. Ampirik g\u00f6zlem olarak bu durumun yads\u0131nmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. As\u0131l sorun neden b\u00f6yle oldu\u011fudur. Meta zincirlerinden s\u00f6z etmek, kapitalizmin tarihsel geli\u015fmesi boyunca i\u015flevsel ve co\u011frafi bak\u0131mlardan gitgi\u00adde daha yayg\u0131n, e\u015fanl\u0131 olarak da gitgide daha hiyerar\u015fik bir du\u00adrum alan, geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden s\u00f6z etmek demektir. \u00dcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki bu mek\u00e2n hiyerar\u015fik\u00adle\u015fmesi, d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin merkez ve \u00e7evre b\u00f6lgeleri aras\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri (reel gelir ve ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyleri) a\u00e7\u0131\u00ads\u0131ndan de\u011fil, daha da \u00f6nemlisi, sermaye birikiminin yerleri a\u00e7\u0131\u00ads\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir kutupla\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralar, mek\u00e2n farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 az mek\u00e2n temelinde uzmanla\u015fma derecesi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Oysa kapi\u00adtalist sistemde, (ister \u00e7evrebilimsel, ister tarihsel nedenlerle) var olan farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar her ne olursa olsun b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, g\u00fc\u00e7lendiril\u00admi\u015f ve kemikle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ya\u015famsal olan nokta ise fiyatlar\u0131n belirlenmesine zorun kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Piyasa i\u015flemlerinde taraflardan birinin kendi fiyat\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in zora ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 elbette ki kapitalizmin bulu\u015fu de\u011fildir. E\u015fitsiz de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f eski bir uygulamad\u0131r. Tarihsel bir sistem olarak kapitalizm bak\u0131m\u0131n\u00addan dikkati \u00e7eken, e\u015fitsiz de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fun hangi yolla gizlenebildi- \u011fidir; ger\u00e7ekten de gizleme \u00f6ylesine iyi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki sistemin a\u00e7\u0131k muhalifleri bile mekanizman\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fini \u00f6rten perdeyi sis\u00adtemli bir bi\u00e7imde kald\u0131rmaya ancak be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131l sonra ba\u015flayabil\u00admi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu temel \u00f6nemdeki mekanizmay\u0131 gizlemenin p\u00fcf noktas\u0131 biz\u00adzat kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin yap\u0131s\u0131nda, kapitalist d\u00fcnya sistemindeki (hepsi de s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z sermaye birikimine y\u00f6nelik t\u00fcm\u00adle\u015fik \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturan) ekonomi alan\u0131yla (her biri kendi yarg\u0131 alan\u0131 i\u00e7indeki siyasal kararlar konusunda \u00f6zerk sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131yan ve otoritesi i\u00e7in destek olarak emrinde silahl\u0131 kuvvetler bulunduran s\u00f6zde ayr\u0131 egemen devletlerden olu\u015fmu\u015f) siyasal alan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte bir\u00adbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131nda yatmaktad\u0131r. Reel tarihsel kapitalizm d\u00fcn\u00adyas\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ne olursa olsun hemen t\u00fcm meta zincirleri devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m a\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Bu durum yeni bir bulu\u015f da de\u011fildir. Tarihsel kapitalizmin ta ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren b\u00f6yle olmu\u015ftur. \u00dcstelik, meta zincirlerinin \u00e7okuluslulu\u011fu, yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n kapitalist d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar, tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde, on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n kapitalist d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in de do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n

Bu e\u015fitsiz de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f nas\u0131l i\u015flemi\u015ftir? Metalar, ya karma\u015f\u0131k bir \u00fcretim i\u015fleminin (ge\u00e7ici) k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da mam militari * yarat\u0131\u00adlan yapay k\u0131tl\u0131klar nedeniyle piyasada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan herhangi bir reel farkl\u0131la\u015fmadan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda, daha az “k\u0131t” mal bulunan b\u00f6lgenin, mallar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere, z\u0131t y\u00f6nde hare\u00adket eden e\u015fit fiyatl\u0131 mallardan daha fazla bir reel girdi (fiyat) ifa\u00adde edecek bi\u00e7imde “satmas\u0131” yoluyla hareket etmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekte olup biten, \u00fcretilmekte olan toplam k\u00e2r\u0131n (ya da art\u0131\u011f\u0131n) bir k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6lgeden di\u011ferine aktar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr bir ili\u015fki mer- kez-\u00e7evre olu\u015f ili\u015fkisidir. Geni\u015fletirsek, yitiren b\u00f6lgeye “\u00e7evre”, kazanan b\u00f6lgeye de “merkez” diyebiliriz. Bu adlar ger\u00e7ekte ikti\u00adsadi ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n co\u011frafi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za hemen, tarihsel olarak e\u015fitsizli\u011fi art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olan baz\u0131 mekanizmalar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bir meta zincirindeki herhangi iki halka\u00adda “dikey t\u00fcmle\u015fme”nin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm durumlarda top\u00adlam art\u0131\u011f\u0131n eskisinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n merkeze do\u011fru kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olanakl\u0131 olabilmi\u015ftir. Art\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkeze kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sermayeyi de orada yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve daha fazla makinele\u015fme i\u00e7in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda paray\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu iki nokta\u00adn\u0131n ikisi de, merkez b\u00f6lgelerdeki \u00fcreticilere var olan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle il\u00adgili ek rekabet \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri getirmi\u015f ve s\u00fcreci yenileyebilecekle\u00adri, az bulunan yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnler yaratmalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sermayenin merkez b\u00f6lgelerde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, pek \u00e7ok yetisi aras\u0131nda \u00e7evre b\u00f6lgelerindeki devlet \u00e7arklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6reli olarak za\u00ady\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131 ya da zay\u0131f kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak da bulunan g\u00f6reli olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet \u00e7arklar\u0131 yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli mali temeli ve siyasal itilimi yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Merkezler b\u00f6ylelikle, s\u00f6z konusu \u00e7evre devlet yap\u0131lar\u0131na, meta zinciri hiyerar\u015fisinde alt d\u00fczeyler\u00adde yer alan i\u015flerde daha fazla uzmanla\u015fmay\u0131 kabul ederek hatta geli\u015ftirerek kendi topraklar\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerini sa\u011flayacak uygun hane yap\u0131lan yaratmalan (g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeleri) y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bask\u0131 yapa\u00adbilmi\u015ftir. Tarihsel kapitalizm, d\u00fcnya sistemi i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00adgelerde dramatik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6steren, tarihsel \u00fccret d\u00fczeyleri denen \u00fccret d\u00fczeylerini ger\u00e7ekte b\u00f6yle yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcrecin gizlenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz. Bununla kastetti\u00ad\u011fimiz, uygulamada fiyatlann her zaman d\u00fcnya piyasas\u0131nda ki\u015fi\u00adsellikten uzak iktisadi g\u00fc\u00e7ler temelinde pazarl\u0131k konusu ediliyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fta e\u015fitsizli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, kendisini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermeyen (yer yer, sava\u015flarda ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci\u00adlikle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan) dev boyutlu g\u00fc\u00e7 ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n her al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fte ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011fnlmas\u0131 gerekmemektedir. G\u00fc\u00e7 ayg\u0131t\u0131 yal\u00adn\u0131zca, var olan e\u015fitsiz de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f d\u00fczeyine \u00f6nemli bir meydan okuma y\u00f6neldi\u011finde devreye girmektedir. D\u00fcnyadaki giri\u015fimci s\u0131n\u0131flar, s\u0131cak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ge\u00e7er ge\u00e7mez, d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin belli bir arz, ve talep noktas\u0131na tarihsel olarak nas\u0131l ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tam o noktada d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00fccret d\u00fczeylerindeki ve reel ya\u015fam d\u00fc\u00adzeylerindeki “geleneksel” farkl\u0131la\u015fmalan hangi g\u00fc\u00e7 yap\u0131lann\u0131n desteklemi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmezlikten gelip ekonominin yaln\u0131zca arz ve talep \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleriyle i\u015fledi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi, nas\u0131l olup da proleterle\u015fme olabildi sorusuna d\u00f6nebili\u00adriz,, Tek tek giri\u015fimcilerin ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlan ile t\u00fcm kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f- lann kolektif \u00e7\u0131karlan aras\u0131ndaki temel \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi an\u0131msayal\u0131m. E\u015fitsiz de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f, tan\u0131m\u0131 gere\u011fi bu kolektif \u00e7\u0131karlara hizmet et\u00admi\u015f, ancak pek \u00e7ok bireysel \u00e7\u0131kara hizmet etmemi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131\u00ads\u0131yla, verili bir zamanda \u00e7\u0131karlanna ilk elde hizmet edilmemi\u015f olanlar (rakiplerinden daha az kazanmalan nedeniyle) bir \u015feyle\u00adrin kendi lehlerine d\u00f6nmesi i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, kendi \u00fcretimlerini daha etkin k\u0131lmak ya da kendi lehlerine yeni tekelci \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckler yaratmak amac\u0131yla siya\u00adsal etkilerini kullanmak yoluyla piyasada daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00ad\u00e7imde rekabet etme \u00e7abas\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Kapitalistler aras\u0131 s\u0131cak rekabet tarihsel kapitalizm i\u00e7in her zaman differentia specifica(ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellik)\u00a0 olmu\u015ftur. Bu rekabetin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ola\u00adrak (kartel benzeri d\u00fczenlemelerle) s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlarda bile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rman\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni, rakiplerden her birinin bu y\u00f6ntemin kendi ma\u0131jlanm en iyi duruma getirece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesidir. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z sermaye birikimine dayanan bir sistemin hi\u00e7bir mensubu, kendi kendisini yok etme rizikosuna girmeden, s\u00fcregelen bu uzun vadede k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k itilimini b\u0131rakamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylelikle, tekelci uygulamalar ve rekabet g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc tarihsel kapitalizmin ikiz bir ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi olmu\u015ftur. Bu ko\u015fullarda \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini birbirine ba\u011flayan hi\u00e7bir \u00f6zg\u00fcl kal\u0131b\u0131n istikrarl\u0131 ola\u00admayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Tam tersine: Verili zaman-yerlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcl kal\u0131\u00adb\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve b\u00f6yle bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n genel etkile\u00adrine ili\u015fkin k\u0131sa vadeli kayg\u0131lar duymamak, rekabet i\u00e7indeki \u00e7ok say\u0131da giri\u015fimcinin her zaman \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na olacakt\u0131r. Adam Smith’in “g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez el”i, “piyasa”n\u0131n bireysel davran\u0131\u015fa k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar koy\u00admas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda ku\u015fku g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7erli olmu\u015ftur, ama bunun sonucunun uyum oldu\u011fu bi\u00e7imindeki bir tarihsel ka\u00adpitalizm okumas\u0131 \u00e7ok tuhaf olurdu.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 daha \u00e7ok, yine ampirik g\u00f6zlemle, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak sis\u00adtemde s\u0131rayla birbirinin yerini alan bir b\u00fcy\u00fcmeler ve durgunluk\u00adlar \u00e7evrimine benzemektedir. \u00c7evrimler, sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015f meka\u00adnizmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde bulunmad\u0131klar\u0131na inan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fti\u00adrecek derecede b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00fczenli dalgalanmalar getirmi\u015ftir. Bun\u00adlar, benzetme yerindeyse, kapitalist organizman\u0131n temizleyici oksijeni i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekip zehirli at\u0131klar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 veren soluk alma me\u00adkanizmalar\u0131 gibidir. Benzetmeler her zaman tehlikeli olmakla birlikte buradaki \u00f6zellikle yerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Biriken at\u0131klar yu\u00adkar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan e\u015fitsiz de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f s\u00fcreci yoluyla ve yeniden yeniden siyasal kabuk ba\u011flayan iktisadi verimsizliklerdir. Te\u00admizleyici oksijen ise, meta zincirlerinin d\u00fczenli bir bi\u00e7imde ye\u00adniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n olanak verdi\u011fi daha etkin (daha da \u00e7ok sermaye birikimine olanak vermesi anlam\u0131nda etkin) kaynak da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 her elli y\u0131lda bir ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fe benzeyen \u015fey, gitgide daha \u00e7ok giri\u015fimcinin meta zincirlerindeki en k\u00e2rl\u0131 ba\u011f\u00adlant\u0131lar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermesiyle, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretim diye s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz yat\u0131r\u0131m orans\u0131zl\u0131k\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. Orans\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n tek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00fcretim sisteminde daha d\u00fczenli bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m sonucu veren b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fczen\u00adlemeler olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum mant\u0131kl\u0131 ve basit g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle bir\u00adlikte, d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcleri her zaman kitlesel olmu\u015f, her seferinde meta zincirlerindeki en t\u0131kal\u0131 halkalarda iyice yo\u011funla\u015fan operasyon\u00adlar anlam\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. Operasyonlar hem baz\u0131 giri\u015fimcilerin hem de baz\u0131 (i\u015fi b\u0131rakan giri\u015fimciler ya da birim \u00fcretim ba\u015f\u0131na maliyetleri azaltmak amac\u0131yla daha \u00e7ok makinele\u015fme yoluna gi\u00adden giri\u015fimciler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan) i\u015f\u00e7ilerin saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilme\u00adsini getirmi\u015f:ir. Bu t\u00fcr kayd\u0131rmalar giri\u015fimcilere meta zinciri i\u00e7indeki hiyerar\u015fide “kademe indirme” operasyonlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015f\u00adtirme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylelikle yat\u0131r\u0131m fonlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7abalar\u0131\u00adn\u0131, zincir i\u00e7indeki, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta “daha k\u0131t” girdiler sunmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u00ads\u0131ndan daha k\u00e2rl\u0131 olan yenilik\u00e7i halkalara ay\u0131rabilmi\u015flerdir. Be\u00adlirli s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin, hiyerar\u015fi skalas\u0131nda bulunduklar\u0131 kademeden “indirilmesi” genellikle co\u011frafi olarak k\u0131smi bir yeniden konum- land\u0131rmaya da yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu gibi co\u011frafi yeniden konumlan- d\u0131rmalar i\u00e7inde en \u00e7ekici bi\u00e7imlerden biri, ilgili sanayi dal\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan genellikle baz\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i kesimleri i\u00e7in \u00fccret d\u00fczeylerinde y\u00fckselme anlam\u0131na gelse bile, emek maliyetlerinin daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu alanlara ta\u015f\u0131nmad\u0131r. \u015eu anda d\u00fcnya otomo\u00adbil, \u00e7elik ve elektronik sanayilerinde tam da b\u00f6yle d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131n\u00adda, kitlesel bir yeniden konumland\u0131rma ya\u015famaktay\u0131z. Yeniden konumland\u0131rma g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015ftan beri tarihsel kapitalizmin ay\u00adr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Yeniden d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck sonucu vard\u0131r. Bunlardan biri kapitalist d\u00fcnya sisteminin kendisini co\u011frafi bak\u0131mdan, s\u00fc\u00adrekli olarak yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, meta zincirlerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k her elli y\u0131lda bir \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, hiyerar\u015fik olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f meta zincirleri sistemi al\u0131konmu\u015ftur. Hiyerar\u015finin \u00fcst kademelerine yeni \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri sokulduk\u00e7a belirli \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kademelere ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belirli co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeler de durmadan ka\u00adyan hiyerar\u015fik s\u00fcre\u00e7 d\u00fczeylerine sahne olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylelikle, ve\u00adrili \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in, merkez \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flay\u0131p sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7evre b\u00f6lge \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc durumuna gelmeleri bi\u00e7iminde “\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7evrim\u00adleri” olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bundan ba\u015fka, verili yerler de, sakinlerinin g\u00f6\u00adreli refah\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ini\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ancak, bu gibi yeniden d\u00fczenlemelere “geli\u015fme” denebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nce siste\u00admin genel kutupla\u015fmas\u0131nda azalma oldu\u011funun kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ge\u00adrekir. Ampirik olarak bu durum d\u00fcped\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015fe ben\u00adzemektedir; daha \u00e7ok, kutupla\u015fman\u0131n tarihsel olarak artmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00d6yleyse co\u011frafi ve \u00fcr\u00fcnsel yeniden konumland\u0131rma- lar i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek bir \u00e7evrimsellikten s\u00f6z edilebilir.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, yeniden d\u00fczenlemelerin ikinci ve olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bir sonucu da olmu\u015ftur. Yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz “a\u015f\u0131n \u00fcre\u00adtim”, ilk eldeki ikilemin her zaman sistemin baz\u0131 kilit \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeyinde yeterli fiili talep olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yoluyla i\u015fledi\u011fi ol\u00adgusuna dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7\u0131karlan ile bir giri\u015fimciler az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlan, bu durumlarda \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler her za\u00adman art\u0131k i\u00e7indeki paylann\u0131 art\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, sistemin iktisadi kopukluk anlan i\u015f\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131k s\u0131k, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini s\u00fcr\u00add\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in hem dolays\u0131z \u00f6zendiriciler hem de baz\u0131 ek f\u0131rsatlar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in, reel geliri art\u0131rman\u0131n en etkili ve en do\u00adlays\u0131z yollanndan biri kendi eme\u011finin gitgide daha \u00e7ok metala\u015f- mas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler genellikle, hane halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretime y\u00f6nelik i\u015fleri i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck reel gelir getiren k\u0131s\u0131mlann, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck meta \u00fcretimi t\u00fcrlerinin yerini \u00fccretli eme\u011fin almas\u0131na \u00e7a\u00adl\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Proleterle\u015fmenin arkas\u0131nda yatan ba\u015fl\u0131ca g\u00fc\u00e7lerden biri d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin kendileri olmu\u015ftur. D\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7ileri, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn nas\u0131l yan-proleter hanelerde tam proleter hanelere g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha fazla olabildi\u011fini genellikle, kendisini i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc ilan et\u00admi\u015f ayd\u0131nlardan daha iyi anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Durgunluk zamanlar\u0131nda baz\u0131 m\u00fclk sahibi \u00fcreticiler, k\u0131smen i\u015f\u00e7ilerden gelen siyasal bask\u0131lar\u0131n sonucu olarak k\u0131smen de \u00fcre\u00adtim ili\u015fkilerindeki yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin rakip m\u00fclk sahibi \u00fcreti\u00adciler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendi yararlar\u0131na olaca\u011f\u0131 inanc\u0131yla, bir yerlerde\u00adki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir i\u015f\u00e7i kesiminde proleterle\u015fmeyi art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla gerek \u00fcretim gerekse politika alanlar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirmi\u015f\u00adtir. Uzun vadede kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisindeki k\u00e2r d\u00fczeyleri\u00adnin d\u00fc\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan proleterle\u015fmenin, nas\u0131l olup da artt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ipucunu, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 vermektedir.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel kapitalizmin motorundan \u00e7ok sonucu olan teknolojik de\u011fi\u015fme s\u00fcrecini bu ba\u011flam i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekir. Her b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck teknolojik “yenilik”, \u00f6ncelikle “k\u0131t” olu\u015fuyla hayli k\u00e2rl\u0131 olan yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin, ikincil olarak da emekten tasarruf sa\u011flayan s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7lerin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck teknolojik yenilikler, \u00e7evrim i\u00e7e\u00adrisinde ini\u015f d\u00f6nemlerine verilen birer kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, sermaye birikimi s\u00fcrecine hizmet edecek “bulu\u015flara” birer el koyma y\u00f6ntemidir. Yeniliklerin s\u0131k s\u0131k fiili \u00fcretim \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini etkiledi\u011finde ku\u015f\u00adku yoktur. Tarihsel olarak pek \u00e7ok i\u015f s\u00fcrecinin (fabrika, montaj zinciri) merkezile\u015fmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde etkide bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen de\u011fi\u015fiklik miktar\u0131n\u0131n abart\u0131lmas\u0131 tehlikesi vard\u0131r. Fiziksel \u00fcretim g\u00f6revlerinin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7leri genellikle, merkez-d\u0131\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin kar\u015f\u0131 etkisi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nma\u00addan ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evrimsel yeniden d\u00fczenlemenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sonucunu da tablo\u00adya ekledi\u011fimizde, bu nokta \u00f6zellikle do\u011fruluk kazanmaktad\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz iki sonu\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 gereken bir paradoks oldu\u011funa dikkat edilmelidir. Bir yandan, tarihsel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m kutupla\u015fmas\u0131nda sermaye birikimi\u00adnin kesintisiz yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ettik. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, k\u00e2r d\u00fczeylerini fiilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz yava\u015f, ancak s\u00fcrekli bir proleterle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinden s\u00f6z ettik. Burada kolay \u00e7\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcmlerden biri d\u00fcped\u00fcz birinci s\u00fcrecin \u0130kincisinden b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u00ad\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektir ki do\u011frudur da. Ancak, buna ek olarak, \u015fimdi\u00adye de\u011fin artan proleterle\u015fmenin k\u00e2r d\u00fczeylerinde yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fc\u015f, ters y\u00f6nde i\u015fleyen ba\u015fka bir mekanizma taraf\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131y\u00adla giderilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel kapitalizm konusunda kolayca yap\u0131lacak bir ba\u015fka ampirik g\u00f6zlem, co\u011frafi yerinin zaman i\u00e7inde durmadan geni\u015fle\u00admi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Burada da yine, s\u00fcrecin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda en iyi ipucu, h\u0131z\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Tarihsel kapitalizmin toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcne yeni yeni b\u00f6lgelerin girmesi bir anda olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birbirini izleyen geni\u015flemeler kapsam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, d\u00f6\u00adnemsel s\u0131\u00e7ramalar halinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. A\u00e7\u0131klama ku\u015fkusuz k\u0131smen tarihsel kapitalizmin bizzat kendisinin teknolojik geli\u015f\u00admesinde yat\u0131yor. Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k, ileti\u015fim ve silahlanma alanlar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeler, merkezden gitgide daha uzak b\u00f6lgelere girilmesini gitgide daha az pahal\u0131 k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama bu a\u00e7\u0131klama bize \u00e7ok \u00e7ok, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7in gerekli olan ancak yeterli olmayan bir ko\u015ful sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Zaman zaman, a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n kapitalist \u00fcretim k\u00e2rlar\u0131m ger\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli olarak yeni pazar aranmas\u0131nda yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak, bu a\u00e7\u0131klama da, tarihsel olgularla uyu\u015fmu\u00adyor. Tarihsel kapitalizmin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan alanlar, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc itibariy\u00adle, k\u0131smen kendi iktisadi sistemleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan “gereksinme” duymamalar\u0131, k\u0131smen de sat\u0131n alacak g\u00fc\u00e7leri olmamas\u0131 nedeniy\u00adle, tarihsel kapitalizmin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin isteksiz al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Elbette bunun istisnalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ama genel olarak, d\u0131\u015f alanlar kapitalist d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fil, kapitalist d\u00fcnya d\u0131\u015f alanlar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnleri\u00adnin pe\u015finde olmu\u015ftur. Ne zaman askeri yollarla belirli yerler ele ge\u00e7irilse, kapitalist giri\u015fimciler \u015fa\u015fmaz bir bi\u00e7imde oralarda ger\u00ad\u00e7ek pazarlar bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yak\u0131narak s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimleri yoluyla “be\u011feni yaratma” i\u015flemlerine giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Pazar pe\u015finde a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 d\u00fcped\u00fcz tutmuyor. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc aray\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00e7ok daha savunulabilir bir a\u00e7\u0131klama. D\u00fcnya eko\u00adnomisinin b\u00fcnyesine kat\u0131lan her yeni b\u00f6lgede, d\u00fcnya sisteminin \u00fccret d\u00fczeyi hiyerar\u015fisinde en altta yer alan reel \u00fccret d\u00fczeyleri\u00adnin yerle\u015fti\u011fi, tarihsel bir olgudur. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde tam proleter\u00adle\u015fmi\u015f hane hemen hi\u00e7 yoktur, geli\u015ftirilmesi de hi\u00e7 \u00f6zendirilme- mi\u015ftir. Tersine, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge devletlerinin (ve yeni kat\u0131lan b\u00f6lgeler\u00addeki, resmen s\u00f6m\u00fcrge olmayan, yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yan- s\u00f6m\u00fcrge devletlerin) politikalar\u0131 tam da, yukar\u0131da g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, \u00fccret d\u00fczeyi e\u015fi\u011fini olabilecek en alt d\u00fczeyde tutmay\u0131 ola\u00adnakl\u0131 k\u0131lan yar\u0131-proleter hanelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f gibidir. Devlet politikalan genel olarak, tam proleterle\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131n say\u0131l\u0131r \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltan bir bi\u00e7imde, hane mensuplann\u0131n hareketlili\u011fine s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilmesi ya da zorla aynlmalan ile, bir miktar \u00fccretli i\u015fe girmelerini zorunlu k\u0131\u00adlan vergi mekanizmalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bile\u015fimler gerektirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeye, d\u00fcnya kapitalizm sisteminin b\u00fcnyesine ye\u00adni kat\u0131l\u0131mlann, d\u00fcnya ekonomisindeki durgunluk d\u00f6nemleriyle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olma e\u011filimine ili\u015fkin g\u00f6zlemi eklersek, d\u00fcnya siste\u00admindeki, yar\u0131-proleterle\u015fmeye y\u00f6neltilmi\u015f yeni i\u015f\u00e7ileri b\u00fcnyesi\u00adne katan co\u011frafi geni\u015flemenin, k\u00e2r azalt\u0131c\u0131 artan proleterle\u015fme s\u00fcrecini dengelemeye yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte\u00adki paradoks b\u00f6ylece yok oluyor. Yeni b\u00f6lgeler kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ku\u00adtupla\u015fma s\u00fcrecine etkisi, en az\u0131ndan \u015fimdiye de\u011fin, proleterle\u015f\u00admenin etkisiyle e\u015f, belki de daha fazlad\u0131r. Fabrika benzeri i\u015f s\u00fc\u00adre\u00e7leri ise denklemin durmadan b\u00fcy\u00fcyen paydas\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczdesi olarak genellikle \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclenden daha az b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel kapitalizmin dar anlamdaki ekonomi alan\u0131nda nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini betimlemeye epey zaman ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olduk. \u015eimdi kapita\u00adlizmin tarihsel bir toplumsal sistem olarak neden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya haz\u0131nz. Bu nokta, genellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar ko\u00adlay de\u011fil. Tarihsel kapitalizm daha ilk bak\u0131\u015fta, baz\u0131 savunucula- nn\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi “do\u011fal” bir sistem olmak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sa\u00e7ma bir sistemdir. Daha fazla sermaye \u00fcretmek amac\u0131yla sermaye \u00fcretilmektedir. Kapitalistler, ayak de\u011firme\u00adninde daha da h\u0131zl\u0131 ko\u015fmak i\u00e7in gitgide daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ko\u015fan beyaz fareye benziyor. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ku\u015fkusuz baz\u0131 insanlar iyi ya\u015f\u0131\u00adyor, ama di\u011ferleri yoksul ya\u015f\u0131yor; peki, iyi ya\u015fayanlar ne kadar ve nereye kadar iyi ya\u015fayacak?<\/p>\n

Bu nokta bana \u00fczerinde ne kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcysem o kadar sa\u00e7\u00adma gelmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun \u00f6nceki ta\u00adrihsel sistemlere g\u00f6re maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6znel ve nesnel olarak daha az iyi durumda oldu\u011funa inanmam\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ileride g\u00f6rece\u011fi\u00admiz gibi, siyasal olarak da daha az iyi durumda oldu\u011funun savu\u00adnulabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Hepimiz bu tarihsel sistemin moda etti\u011fi, hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendinden menkul ilerleme ideolojisiyle \u00f6ylesine dolmu\u015fuz ki bu sistemin b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da tarihsel olumsuzluklar\u0131m kabul etmekte bile zorlan\u0131yoruz. Kari Marx gibi kararl\u0131 bir su\u00e7\u00adlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 bile tarihsel kapitalizmin tarihsel olarak oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilerici role b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermi\u015ftir. “\u0130lerici” s\u00f6z\u00fc yaln\u0131zca, tarihsel ola\u00adrak daha sonra gelen ve k\u00f6kenleri kendisinden \u00f6nceki bir \u015feyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilen anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, ben buna hi\u00e7 inanm\u0131yorum. Tarihsel kapitalizmin daha sonra yeniden ele ala\u00adca\u011f\u0131m bilan\u00e7osu belki karma\u015f\u0131k bir bilan\u00e7odur, ancak, maddi mal b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ve ene\u0131ji tahsisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ilk hesap benim g\u00f6\u00adz\u00fcmde ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok olumsuzdur.<\/p>\n

O zaman, b\u00f6yle bir sistem neden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131? Belki tam da bu amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in. Bir sistemin k\u00f6keninin ger\u00e7ekte ula\u015f\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f olan amaca ula\u015fmak olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren bir ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme do\u011frultusundan daha akla yak\u0131n ne olabilir? Mo\u00addem bilimin bizi ereksel neden aramaktan ve her t\u00fcr y\u00f6nelmi\u015flik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden (\u00f6zellikle ampirik kan\u0131tlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6ylesine i\u00e7sel bir bi\u00e7imde zor olmas\u0131 nedeniyle) vazge\u00e7irdi\u011fini biliyorum. Ama bildi\u011fimiz \u00fczere modern bilimle tarihsel kapitalizm s\u0131k\u0131 bir ittifak i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bilim otoritesinden tam da bu sorunda, modern kapitalizmin k\u00f6kenlerini bilme tarz\u0131 sorununda ku\u015fkulanmal\u0131y\u0131z. Bu nedenle burada tarihsel kapitalizmin k\u00f6\u00adkenlerine ili\u015fkin tarihsel bir a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131, b\u00f6yle bir tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in ampirik bir temel geli\u015ftirme giri\u015fiminde bulunmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ana hatlar\u0131yla verece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

On d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Avrupa, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6teki b\u00f6lgelerine oranla, \u00fcretim g\u00fc\u00e7leri, tarihsel siste\u00adminin tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve insan bilgisinin g\u00f6reli durumu a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan or\u00adtalarda -ne baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler kadar ileri, ne daha ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgeler ka\u00addar ilkel- olan bir toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yeriydi. Avrupa’n\u0131n k\u00fcl\u00adt\u00fcrel ve iktisadi bak\u0131mlardan en “ileri” alt b\u00f6lgelerinden birin\u00adden gelen Marco Polo’nun, Asya yolculuklar\u0131nda rastlad\u0131klar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda epeyce ezildi\u011fini unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nemde feodal Avrupa ekonomi alan\u0131 \u00e7ok temelden, i\u00e7ten gelen ve toplumsal temellerini sarsan bir bunal\u0131mdan ge\u00e7iyordu. Avrupa egemen s\u0131n\u0131flan birbirini b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yok ederken toprak sistemi (iktisadi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temeli), eski standartlara g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m y\u00f6n\u00fcnde hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir yeniden d\u00fczenlemeyle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Bu arada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00e7ift\u00e7iler \u00fcreti\u00adci olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir verimlilik g\u00f6steriyordu. Siyasal yap\u0131lar genel olarak zay\u0131fl\u0131yor, siyasal bak\u0131mdan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olanlar\u0131n kendi arala\u00adr\u0131nda yok edici m\u00fccadelelere dalmalar\u0131, halk kitlelerinin artan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in vakitlerinin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Katoliklik ideolojik dolgu olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck gerilim alt\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bizzat Kilise’nin i\u00e7inde e\u015fitlik\u00e7i hareketler do\u011fuyordu. Ger\u00e7ek\u00adten de pek \u00e7ok \u015fey parampar\u00e7a oluyordu. Avrupa gitmekte oldu\u00ad\u011fu yola devam etseydi y\u00fcksek bir d\u00fczeyde yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f “res\u00admi s\u0131n\u0131flar” sistemiyle feodal Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131 kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n bir daha peki\u015ftirilebilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131. Feodal Avrupa top\u00adlumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, aristokrasileri daha da yere seren ve siyasal ya\u00adp\u0131lar\u0131 merkezd\u0131\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran, bir g\u00f6reli olarak e\u015fit k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcre\u00adticiler sistemine do\u011fru evrimle\u015fmesi daha olas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu iyi mi k\u00f6t\u00fc m\u00fc, kimin i\u00e7in iyi kimin i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fc olurdu konu\u00adsu kurgusal bir konu ve pek ilgi \u00e7ekici de\u011fil. Ama b\u00f6yle bir pers\u00adpektifin Avrupa’n\u0131n \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131n\u0131 deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle ideolojik z\u0131rhlar\u0131n\u0131n da da\u011f\u0131lmakta oldu\u011funu hissetmeleri bak\u0131\u00adm\u0131ndan, deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcp \u00fcrk\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. 1650’nin Avrupa- s\u0131’yla 1450’nin Avrupas\u0131’m kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, kimsenin b\u00f6yle bir giri\u015fimi bilin\u00e7li olarak s\u00f6ze d\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmeksizin, \u015fun- lann ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliyoruz: 1650’ye gelindi\u011fin\u00adde, ya\u015fayabilecek bir toplumsal sistem olarak tarihsel kapitaliz\u00admin temel yap\u0131lan kurulmu\u015f ve peki\u015ftirilmi\u015f durumdayd\u0131. Ni\u00admetlerden yararlanman\u0131n e\u015fitlik\u00e7ile\u015ftirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki e\u011filim t\u00fcm\u00fcyle tersine d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00dcst tabakalar siyasal ve idelojik ba\u00adk\u0131mlardan denetimi bir kez daha s\u0131k\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde elinde tutuyor\u00addu. 1450’de y\u00fcksek tabakadan olan ailelerle 1650’de y\u00fcksek taba\u00adkadan olanlar aras\u0131nda yeterince y\u00fcksek bir s\u00fcreklilik d\u00fczeyi var\u00add\u0131. \u00dcstelik, 1650’nin yerine 1900 konursa, 1450 ile olan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u00adt\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yine ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu bulunacakt\u0131r. G\u00f6rece\u011fi\u00admiz \u00fczere, tarihsel kapitalizm sisteminin d\u00f6rt-be\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k ser\u00adpilmeden sonra, sonunda yap\u0131sal bunal\u0131ma girdi\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir i\u015faret olarak, farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nde, \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan birtak\u0131m e\u011filimler an\u00adcak yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda belirebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu niyeti kimse dile getirmi\u015f olamaz, ama olay kesinlikle, toplumsal bir sistem olarak tarihsel kapitalizmin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131n korktu\u011fu bir e\u011filimin k\u00f6k\u00fcnden tersine \u00e7evrilme\u00adsi ve bu e\u011filimin yerine \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na daha \u00e7ok hiz\u00admet eden bir toplumsal sistem kurulmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u00c7ok mu sa\u00e7ma? Yaln\u0131zca, kurban\u0131 olanlar i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

Tarihsel Kapitalizm | Her \u015eeyin Metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Sermaye \u00dcretimi – Immanuel Wallerstein<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kapitalizm her \u015feyden \u00f6nce tarihsel bir toplumsal sistemdir. Ka\u00adpitalizmin k\u00f6kenlerini, i\u015fleyi\u015fini ya da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki perspektifle\u00adrini anlamak i\u00e7in, var olan ger\u00e7ekli\u011fine bakmam\u0131z gerekir. Ku\u015f\u00adkusuz, bu ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi bir dizi soyut \u00f6nermeyle \u00f6zetlemeye giri\u015fe\u00adbiliriz, ancak, bu gibi soyutlamalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin de\u011ferlendirilme\u00adsinde ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullanmak aptall\u0131k olur. Bu neden\u00adle, b\u00f6yle yapmak yerine, kapitalizmin pratikte fiilen nas\u0131l oldu\u00ad\u011funu, sistem olarak nas\u0131l […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[99],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-7090","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-dunya"},"yoast_head":"\nTarihsel Kapitalizm | Her \u015eeyin Metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Sermaye \u00dcretimi - Immanuel Wallerstein - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tarihsel Kapitalizm | Her \u015eeyin Metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Sermaye \u00dcretimi - Immanuel Wallerstein\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kapitalizm her \u015feyden \u00f6nce tarihsel bir toplumsal sistemdir. 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Bu neden\u00adle, b\u00f6yle yapmak yerine, kapitalizmin pratikte fiilen nas\u0131l oldu\u00ad\u011funu, sistem olarak nas\u0131l […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-08-03T10:35:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-04-27T10:08:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/immanuel_wallerstein-1-150x150.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"55 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Tarihsel Kapitalizm | Her \u015eeyin Metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Sermaye \u00dcretimi – Immanuel Wallerstein\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-03T10:35:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-04-27T10:08:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/\"},\"wordCount\":10931,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/immanuel_wallerstein-1-150x150.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"D\u00fcnya\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/03\/tarihsel-kapitalizm-her-seyin-metalastirilmasi-sermaye-uretimi-immanuel-wallerstein\/\",\"name\":\"Tarihsel Kapitalizm | Her \u015eeyin Metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: Sermaye \u00dcretimi - 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