{"id":7129,"date":"2018-08-10T12:20:14","date_gmt":"2018-08-10T09:20:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2018\/08\/10\/toplumsal-zorlanma-ve-kosullari-zorlanan-insan-prof-dr-ozcan-koknel\/"},"modified":"2024-04-27T11:18:15","modified_gmt":"2024-04-27T08:18:15","slug":"toplumsal-zorlanma-ve-kosullari-zorlanan-insan-prof-dr-ozcan-koknel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/10\/toplumsal-zorlanma-ve-kosullari-zorlanan-insan-prof-dr-ozcan-koknel\/","title":{"rendered":"Toplumsal Zorlanma ve Ko\u015fullar\u0131 | Zorlanan \u0130nsan – Prof.Dr. \u00d6zcan K\u00f6knel"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"\"\"Toplum insanlar\u0131n temel gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak, ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla biraraya gelmelerinden olu\u015fur. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendisini anlamas\u0131, bilmesi; ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7evresini, toplumu anlamas\u0131yla, bilmesiyle ba\u015flar. Bir\u00e7ok insan “insan\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedir?” sorusuna “insan toplumsal bir hayvand\u0131r”, “insan toplumsal bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r”, “insan toplumda ya\u015fayan bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r” gibi cevaplar verir, insan do\u011fal ve t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc olan, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc ve d\u00fcrt\u00fclerden kaynaklanan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumdan \u00f6\u011frenir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 do\u011fal ve toplumsal olarak ayr\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm insanlarda bulunan, t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc olan, do\u011fal ortama uyumu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc ve d\u00fcrt\u00fclerden kaynaklanan davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131yla d\u00fcnyaya gelen bebek, geli\u015ftik\u00e7e do\u011fal ve toplumsal ortama uyum sa\u011flayacak davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenir. Bu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenilmesinde insan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fal ve toplumsal ortam etkili olur. Toplumsal davran\u0131\u015flar toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde kazan\u0131l\u0131r, \u00f6\u011frenilir. \u00abBen\u00bbin \u00abba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00abben\u00bbin \u00abbiz\u00bb olmas\u0131 bireyin toplumsalla\u015fma, toplumla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme s\u00fcrecidir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonucu insan ailenin, \u00e7evrenin, kom\u015fular\u0131n, mahallenin, k\u00f6y\u00fcn, kentin, ulusun, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n, evrenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenir.<\/p>\n

Ekonomik D\u00fczey ve Dengeye Ba\u011fl\u0131 Zorlanma<\/strong><\/p>\n

Toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcreci ve toplumsal ya\u015fant\u0131, do\u011fal ortam i\u00e7inde, ekonomik d\u00fczenin ve d\u00fczeyin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 beslenme, konut, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131yla do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ve dolayl\u0131 olarak ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan temel toplumsal yap\u0131lar i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Birey, insan-do\u011fa ileti\u015fiminden, etkile\u015fiminden do\u011fup geli\u015fen teknolojiden do\u011fru ve iyi yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kolay ve rahat toplumsalla\u015f\u0131r ve topluma uyum sa\u011flar. Bu durum toplumun ve bireyin ekonomik d\u00fczeyiyle yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Az geli\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gelir miktar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fundan, bu toplumlarda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu teknolojik geli\u015fmenin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanaklardan yararlanamazlar.<\/p>\n

Beslenme, korunma, konut, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve \u00fcretim gibi temel gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamakta zorluk \u00e7ekerler. Bu toplumlarda ya\u015fayan ve ekonomik d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek olan az say\u0131daki insan\u0131n ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi, beslenmesi, yemesi i\u00e7mesi, oturdu\u011fu apartman, k\u00f6\u015fk, yal\u0131 ve villan\u0131n g\u00f6rkemi de, ekonomik durumu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olanlar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve zorlanma nedeni olur. Hele bu ekonomik d\u00fczeye \u00abhaks\u0131z kazan\u00e7\u00bb \u00abkara para\u00bbyla ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylentileri dola\u015f\u0131rsa, ekonomik d\u00fczeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olanlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlara ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Paran\u0131n s\u00fcrekli de\u011fer kayb\u0131, ard arda yap\u0131lan zamlar gibi \u00fclke ekonomisindeki istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k bireyleri ya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131nda zorlar.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal Davran\u0131\u015f Kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n Etkisi ve Ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi De\u011fi\u015fir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ekonomik d\u00fczene ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bi\u00e7imlenen ve geli\u015fen temel toplumsal yap\u0131lar aras\u0131nda gelenek, g\u00f6renek, yap\u0131la gelen davran\u0131\u015flar, t\u00f6re, din, e\u011fitim, hukuk ve kamu d\u00fczeni ilk s\u0131ralarda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bireyin toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131, toplum i\u00e7inde ya\u015famas\u0131, ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla ili\u015fki kurmas\u0131, ileti\u015fim etkile\u015fim yapabilmesi i\u00e7in toplumsal davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 bilmesi ve kullanmas\u0131 gereklidir. Davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plan bir toplumda al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k ya da saymaca durumuna gelmi\u015f bulunan, ortak ve tek olan davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin bilgilerdir. Davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 insan\u0131n belirli durumlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yapmas\u0131 gereken davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imiyle ilgili bilgileri ta\u015f\u0131r. Masada ya da yerde yemek yeme, karyolada ya da yer yata\u011f\u0131nda yatma al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ve gen\u00e7lerin ya\u015fl\u0131lara g\u00f6stermesi gereken sayg\u0131n\u0131n bi\u00e7imi birer davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131b\u0131d\u0131r. Bu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n etkisi, etkinli\u011fi ve ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi \u00e7a\u011fdan \u00e7a\u011fa, toplumdan topluma de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00e7a\u011fda, bir toplumda etkili ve ge\u00e7erli olan bir davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131b\u0131, ba\u015fka bir \u00e7a\u011fda ayn\u0131 toplumda etkisiz ve ge\u00e7ersiz olabilece\u011fi gibi, ayn\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda ba\u015fka bir toplumda da etkisiz ve ge\u00e7ersiz olabilir. Yer sofras\u0131nda ortadaki tabaktan ya da tencereden elle yemek yemek, yetmi\u015f seksen y\u0131l \u00f6nce istanbul’da konaklarda ya\u015fayanlarda bile yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn bu al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k bir\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kent, hatta k\u00f6yde \u00abay\u0131p\u00bb say\u0131l\u0131rken, kimi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kentlerde ve k\u00f6ylerde hala s\u00fcrmektedir. Yemek yeme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6yle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrenler, masada yeme\u011fini kendi taba\u011f\u0131na al\u0131p \u00e7atal ya da ka\u015f\u0131kla yiyenleri ay\u0131plamakta, onlar\u0131 geleneklerden, g\u00f6reneklerden kopmakla, z\u00fcppele\u015fmekle su\u00e7lamaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Topluma Uyum Davran\u0131\u015f Kal\u0131plar\u0131yla Sa\u011flan\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plan arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birle\u015fip b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015firler. \u0130\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 topluma uyum sa\u011flarlar. Davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 toplumun k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr bir toplumun y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ortak ama\u00e7lar\u0131n, beklentilerin, duygular\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin, inan\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Toplumsal davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130nsan bu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plan, yani k\u00fclt\u00fcr arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla topluma uyum sa\u011flar. Davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plan, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, toplumsal uyum i\u00e7in gerekli, hatta zorunludur. Bireysel ve toplumsal dengenin, d\u00fczenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi toplumsal davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131yla olur.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, insan-do\u011fa ili\u015fkisinden teknolojinin do\u011fup geli\u015fmesi gibi, insan-insan ili\u015fkisinden de k\u00fclt\u00fcr do\u011fup geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Teknoloji ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr bir toplumun uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Gelenek, g\u00f6renek, yap\u0131lagelen davran\u0131\u015flar, t\u00f6re, din, e\u011fitim, hukuk ve kamu d\u00fczeni gibi temel toplumsal yap\u0131lar, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir toplumda ya\u015fayan bireylerin uyumunu sa\u011flayan ortak toplumsal davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131pland\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gelenek, G\u00f6renekler ve T\u00f6renin Zorlay\u0131c\u0131 Yapt\u0131r\u0131m G\u00fcc\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gelenekler, insan\u0131n i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumun, toplum kesiminin de\u011fi\u015fmez ve kat\u0131 beklentileri olarak nitelendirilen ortak davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131d\u0131r. Bireyleri s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutar. Denetleyici, yasaklay\u0131c\u0131, zorlay\u0131c\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla bireyin topluma uyumunu sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6renekler, geleneklere oranla daha gev\u015fek ve yumu\u015fak davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131d\u0131r ve gelenekler kadar denetleyici, yasaklay\u0131c\u0131 ve zorlay\u0131c\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 yoktur. G\u00f6renekler ya\u015fanarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp \u00f6\u011frenilen, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k edinilen ve insan\u0131n topluma uyumuna yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131pland\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lagelen davran\u0131\u015flar (team\u00fcl), g\u00f6renekten daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve daha az etkili olan davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00f6re, bireyin topluma uyumunu sa\u011flayan gelenek, g\u00f6renek ve yap\u0131lagelen davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsam\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Genel olarak gelenek, g\u00f6renek, yap\u0131lagelen davran\u0131\u015f,, t\u00f6re aras\u0131nda etki ve i\u015flev bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kesin s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izilmesi olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bunlar \u00f6zellikle geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu k\u0131rsal y\u00f6relerde bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, denetleyici, yasaklay\u0131c\u0131, zorlay\u0131c\u0131 yapt\u0131\u0131m g\u00fc\u00e7lerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcnahla Ceza Aras\u0131nda Se\u00e7im<\/strong><\/p>\n

Din toplumlar\u0131n ortak davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en eski, k\u00f6kl\u00fc, etkili ve yayg\u0131n olan\u0131d\u0131r. Din \u00absevapla\u00bb \u00f6d\u00fcllendirip \u00abg\u00fcnahla\u00bb cezaland\u0131rarak, insanlar\u0131n do\u011faya ve topluma boyun e\u011ferek uyumunu sa\u011flar. Ancak kimi ailede, \u00e7evrede, y\u00f6rede dinsel \u00f6zelli\u011fi bulunmayan bir\u00e7ok yasaklama da \u00abg\u00fcnah\u00bb bask\u0131s\u0131 ve korkusuyla insanlara kabul ettirilir. Bu t\u00fcr k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar ve yasaklamalar insanlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar yarat\u0131r. \u00abGavur icad\u0131\u00bb, \u00ab\u015feytan i\u015fi\u00bb diye evine televizyon sokmayan ya da ailesine televizyon seyrettirmeyen baba, bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla \u00absevap\u00bb i\u015fledi\u011fini san\u0131r. Televizyon izleyenleri \u00abg\u00fcnah\u00bb i\u015flemekle su\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n

Bir toplumda bireyi yapt\u0131r\u0131ma zorlayan b\u00fct\u00fcn yasalar, hukuk d\u00fczeninin ortak davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Laik olmayan toplumlarda dini kurallar hukuk devletindeki yasalar\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahiptir. Bireyin dince emredilen davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131na uymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00abg\u00fcnah\u00bb, yasalara uymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00abceza\u00bb korkusundan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir toplumda \u00e7o\u011fu insan \u00abg\u00fcnah\u00bbla \u00abceza\u00bb aras\u0131nda se\u00e7im yapamaz ve karar veremezse \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeler artar.<\/p>\n

Laik Toplumlarda Din Bask\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Yarat\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yasalar\u0131n \u00ab\u00e7ift standartl\u0131\u00bb olarak uygulanmas\u0131, belirsiz olmas\u0131, belirli bir grup ya da toplum kesiminde bask\u0131 yaratmas\u0131 da \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeleri art\u0131r\u0131r. Ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar, k\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131yafet, m\u00fcstehcen yay\u0131nlara ili\u015fkin yasalar ve uygulamalarda da benzer yakla\u015f\u0131mlar s\u00f6zkonusudur. \u00abK\u0131yafet Kanunu\u00bbna ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde dola\u015fmak su\u00e7 oldu\u011fu halde \u00e7ar\u015fafl\u0131lar\u0131n, takkelilerin say\u0131s\u0131 artmakta, ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011frenim \u00f6\u011frencileri \u00ab\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00bb y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapmaktad\u0131rlar. \u00abM\u00fcstehcen\u00bb yay\u0131nlar\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131, yorumu, bu yay\u0131nlara ili\u015fkin uygulamalar da \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve \u00e7eli\u015fme yaratmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

E\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimde de benzer \u00e7eli\u015fkiler g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00ab\u00f6\u011fretimin birle\u015ftirilmesi\u00bb yasas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00fclkemizde laik e\u011fitim ve din e\u011fitimi yapan ayr\u0131 e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim kurulu\u015flar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Laik e\u011fitim yapan okullarda da din ve ahlak derslerinde aktar\u0131lan bilgiler, \u00f6teki derslerde aktar\u0131lanlarla \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131p \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

Zorla Boyun E\u011ferek Topluma Uyma<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bireyin temel toplumsal yap\u0131lardan kaynaklanan ortak toplumsal davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesi i\u00e7in ya bunlara boyun e\u011fmesi, bunlar\u0131 dinlemesi, ya bunlarla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesi ya da bunlar\u0131 benimsemesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bireyin, temel toplumsal davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131, b\u00f6ylece topluma uyumu boyun e\u011fme, \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme, benimseme bi\u00e7imlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok insan toplumsal bask\u0131, denetim ya da su\u00e7lama nedeniyle bu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu olarak kullan\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n etkisine boyun e\u011fer. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr uyma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u0131k rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Trafik polisinin yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren ve ceza yazmas\u0131ndan korkan insan, arabas\u0131n\u0131 belli bir h\u0131z\u0131n alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrer.\u00a0 Ancak trafik polisi uzakla\u015f\u0131nca yeniden gaza basar, h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Annesinin, babas\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan, denetiminden, su\u00e7lamas\u0131ndan korkan gen\u00e7 k\u0131z, onlar\u0131n \u00absak\u0131n erkeklerle konu\u015fma\u00bb s\u00f6zlerine boyun e\u011fer. Ancak kendi duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin etkisi alt\u0131nda, f\u0131rsat bulduk\u00e7a erkeklerle konu\u015fur, arkada\u015fl\u0131k eder.<\/p>\n

Ailenin ya da Kuran kursu hocas\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla ve \u00abg\u00fcnah\u00bb korkusuyla ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc ba\u011flamaya boyun e\u011fen gen\u00e7 I k\u0131z, b\u00f6yle bir g\u00fcnaha inanm\u0131yorsa evinin, kursun bulundu\u011fu \u00e7evreden uzakla\u015f\u0131nca ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Su\u00e7lanmaktan, cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmaktan korktuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in siyasal bask\u0131lara, engellere boyun e\u011fip d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini a\u00e7\u0131k se\u00e7ik s\u00f6yleyemeyen, yazamayan insanlar, \u00abf\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131 gazetesine\u00bb malzeme haz\u0131rlarlar.<\/p>\n

Yetkeci y\u00f6netim alt\u0131nda bulunan toplumlarda, insanlar haks\u0131z yere g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktan, sorgulanmaktan, tutuklanmaktan, cezaevine girmekten korktuklar\u0131, y\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00f6netimin sa\u00e7ma sapan ve tutars\u0131z t\u00fcm buyruklar\u0131na boyun e\u011fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Ancak y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 kin, \u00f6fke duyarlar. Y\u00f6netimi devirmek i\u00e7in gizli \u00f6rg\u00fctler kurar, y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131, vurucu eylemlerde bulunurlar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zde\u015fle\u015fme Bi\u00e7iminde Uyum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bireyin topluma uyma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme bi\u00e7iminde de kazan\u0131labilir. Bu t\u00fcr davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda insanlar aras\u0131 ileti\u015fim etkile\u015fim \u00f6nemli yer tutar, \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme sonucu kazan\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n temelinde, uyulan insan\u0131n, grubun etkinli\u011fi \u00f6nemli rol oynar, \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00e7ocuk ve gencin toplumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli savunma d\u00fczenlerinden biridir. Bu d\u00fczenle \u00e7ocuk ve gen\u00e7 topluma uyum sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 grupta, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 toplumda be\u011fendikleri, de\u011fer verdikleri, g\u00fcvendikleri, ho\u015fland\u0131klar\u0131 insanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederler, bunlarla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015firler. B\u00f6ylece gruba, topluma uyum sa\u011flarlar. Uyumunu bu bi\u00e7imde sa\u011flayan insan\u0131n, \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fti\u011fi insana ya da insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 besledi\u011fi olumlu duygular azal\u0131r ya da kaybolursa, bu uyum bi\u00e7imi de bozulur.<\/p>\n

Babas\u0131na g\u00fcvenen ve sayg\u0131 duyan gen\u00e7 onun \u00absak\u0131n alkol ve sigara kullanma\u00bb \u00f6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fc kabul eder. Ancak babas\u0131na g\u00fcveni sars\u0131l\u0131r, sayg\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131rsa, alkol ve sigara i\u00e7meye ba\u015flayabilir.<\/p>\n

Annesini be\u011fenen, ona de\u011fer veren gen\u00e7 k\u0131z, onun giyinme ve s\u00fcslenmeyle ilgili \u00f6nerilerini kabul eder. Annesi gibi giyinmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ama arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7evrenin, annesinin giyimini, s\u00fcslenmesini ele\u015ftirdiklerini duyunca annesini be\u011fenmez, ona de\u011fer vermez olur. Kendine g\u00f6re giyinip s\u00fcslenmeye, tak\u0131p tak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu grubun \u00f6nderine de\u011fer verip inanarak bir mezhebe, tarikata ba\u011flanabilir. Ancak de\u011fer verdi\u011fi, inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nderin kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, insanlar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcnce mezhepten kopar, tarikattan ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir siyasal parti ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n radyo ya da televizyondaki konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 be\u011fenen insan o partiye oy verebilir. Ancak ho\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 parti ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evresini, yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011funu, onlar\u0131 zengin etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrse oy verdi\u011fi, yak\u0131nl\u0131k duydu\u011fu partiden uzakla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Benimseme Bi\u00e7iminde Uyum<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bireyin topluma uyma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 benimseme, \u00f6z\u00fcmleme, kendini mal etme bi\u00e7iminde de kazan\u0131labilir. Bu durumda insan i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 grubun, toplumun ortak ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, beklentilerini, duygular\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 benimser. Burada insan\u0131n boyun e\u011fme ya da \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme sonucu kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fi s\u00f6zkonusudur.<\/p>\n

Trafik polisinin denetiminden, ceza yazmas\u0131ndan korkan s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, bir s\u00fcre sonra belirli bir h\u0131z\u0131n altmda araba s\u00fcrmenin \u00f6nemini ahlar ve bu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 benimser, Polis denetimi olmadan da h\u0131z k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131na uyum sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Babas\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmesi sonucu onun \u00absak\u0131n alkol ve sigara kullanma\u00bb \u00f6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fc kabul eden gen\u00e7, bir s\u00fcre sonra alkol ve sigaran\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131 anlar. Alkol ve sigaraya kar\u015f\u0131 olan davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 benimser. Hatta alkol ve sigarayla sava\u015fan derneklerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Babas\u0131na, annesine, Kuran kursu hocas\u0131na boyun e\u011fdi\u011fi i\u00e7in ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc takan gen\u00e7 k\u0131z, bir s\u00fcre sonra ger\u00e7ek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmak i\u00e7in \u00f6rt\u00fcnmek gerekti\u011fine inan\u0131r. Bu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 benimser. Hatta arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6rt\u00fcnmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcar, \u00ab\u00f6rt\u00fcnme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u00bb savunmak i\u00e7in mitinglere, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flere kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Davran\u0131\u015f Kal\u0131plar\u0131nda \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma<\/strong><\/p>\n

Buraya kadar anlatt\u0131klar\u0131m, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu gruba, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topluma uyum sa\u011flayan insanlar\u0131n, boyun e\u011fme, \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme, benimseme bi\u00e7iminde uyma davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiklerini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu grupla, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumla uyumlu insan\u0131n ruhsal ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bilmeden, bu uyumu hangi uyma davran\u0131\u015f\u0131yla sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak, bilmek olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kimisi davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131na boyun e\u011ferek; kimisi bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in bu kal\u0131plarla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ferek; kimisi de bu kal\u0131plan benimseyip savunarak uyum sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu insanlar grupla, toplumla uyumlu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Ancak hepsinin ruhsal ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131nda ayn\u0131 denge ve d\u00fczeni, mutlulu\u011fu bulmak olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu insanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde, kazan\u0131p kulland\u0131klar\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma boyun e\u011fen insanlarda, \u00f6d\u00fcllendiren-cezaland\u0131ran; \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen insanlarda, benimsenen-\u00f6zde\u015fle\u015filen; benimseyen insanlarda da, kendisine \u00f6zg\u00fc olan ve olmayan davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 aras\u0131nda olur.<\/p>\n

Ramazanda oru\u00e7 tutarak, i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topluma uyum sa\u011flay\u0131p \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015f olan bir insan, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa, susuzlu\u011fa dayanamay\u0131p da orucunu bozarsa g\u00fcnaha girece\u011fini, din a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan su\u00e7 say\u0131lan, \u00f6teki d\u00fcnyada cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacak bir davran\u0131\u015fta bulunmu\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

Laiklik ilkesini benimsemi\u015f bir insan i\u015fyerinde be\u011fendi\u011fi, de\u011fer verdi\u011fi arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, y\u00f6neticilerinin davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015febilir. i\u015f zaman\u0131 namaza gider. Cuma g\u00fcnleri i\u015fi b\u0131rak\u0131p \u00abcuma hutbesi\u00bbni dinler. Ramazanda iftara yeti\u015fmek i\u00e7in i\u015ften erken \u00e7\u0131kar. Sahura kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ya da gece sahura kadar oturdu\u011fundan, sabah uyuyakal\u0131p i\u015fe ge\u00e7 gelir. B\u00f6ylece g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam ve i\u015f sorumlulu\u011fuyla, dinsel ya\u015fant\u0131ya ili\u015fkin davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plan aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Laik davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131m benimsemi\u015f olan ve bu kal\u0131plardan \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeyen bir insan, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde arkada\u015ftan ya da y\u00f6netici taraf\u0131ndan namaz k\u0131lmaya, oru\u00e7 tutmaya, \u00abCuma\u00bbya gitmeye zorlan\u0131rsa, onlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uyumlu ve Uyumsuz Davran\u0131\u015flar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fim gibi, boyun e\u011fme, \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme, benimseme bi\u00e7iminde kazan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131ndan birinden \u00f6tekine ge\u00e7ilebilir. Ayr\u0131ca herhangi bir toplumsal etkiye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nce boyun e\u011fme, sonra \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme, daha sonra da benimseme yoluyla uyum davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 geli\u015febilir. Bir gen\u00e7 sigara i\u00e7memeyi, \u00f6nce babas\u0131n\u0131n cezaland\u0131rmas\u0131ndan korktu\u011fundan; sonra babas\u0131na benzemek, onunla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmek i\u00e7in; daha sonra da bu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 benimseyerek \u00f6\u011frenir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce s\u00fcrecindeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumluk kayg\u0131 d\u00fczeyine g\u00f6re ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ka\u00e7ma ya da sava\u015fma bi\u00e7imindeki davran\u0131\u015flar insan\u0131n topluma uyumunu bozabilir. Bu davran\u0131\u015flara \u00abuymama davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131\u00bb ya da \u00abuyumsuz davran\u0131\u015flar\u00bb ad\u0131 verilebilir.<\/p>\n

Neden Ters Tepkiler ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 boyun e\u011ferek kazan\u0131p kullanan ve topluma uyum sa\u011flayan insanlar, kimi kez bireysel ya da toplumsal nedenlerle ters tepki verebilirler. Art\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, eri\u015fkin oldu\u011funa inanan gen\u00e7, babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00absak\u0131n sigara i\u00e7me\u00bb \u00f6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcne ters tepki vererek sigaraya ba\u015flar. B\u00f6ylece babas\u0131na ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131p ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131r. Oysa bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir davran\u0131\u015f olmay\u0131p, babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcne ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen bir davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imidir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 uymama davran\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu davran\u0131\u015f nedeniyle gen\u00e7, babas\u0131yla \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Aile ortam\u0131na uyumu bozulur.<\/p>\n

Yasalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klara, yasalar\u0131n \u00ab\u00e7ift standartl\u0131\u00bb olarak herkese g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik yorumlanmas\u0131na boyun e\u011fen insanlarda, bir s\u00fcre sonra t\u00fcm ilke ve kurallara kar\u015f\u0131 ters tepki olu\u015fur. Toplumda ilkelere, kurallara, yasalara uyumsuzluk g\u00f6sterenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 artar.<\/p>\n

Davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ferek kazananlar, topluma uyum sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla kimi davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131b\u0131n\u0131 bir s\u00fcre kullan\u0131rlar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce s\u00fcrecindeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ka\u00e7ma ya da sava\u015fma bi\u00e7iminde yeni davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plan olu\u015funca, \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftikleri davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tepki ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Topluma uyumsuzluk ba\u015flar. Parti ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131 be\u011fenen, ona de\u011fer veren, g\u00fcvenen milletvekili, partinin ilkelerine uyar. Ancak parti ba\u015fkan\u0131na duydu\u011fu be\u011feni azal\u0131rsa, g\u00fcveni kalmazsa partinin de ilkelerine uymaz, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak davranmaya ba\u015flar. Partinin ortak kararlar\u0131na uymaz. Kabul yerine ret, ret yerine kabul oyu verir. Dikkat edilirse, buradaki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ger\u00e7ekte bir tepki davran\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r ve parti ba\u015fkan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 duyulan g\u00fcvensizlikten kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00d6zg\u00fcr Davran\u0131\u015flar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ferek kazand\u0131klar\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 benimser, \u00f6z\u00fcmlerler. Kendilerine mal ederler. Bu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 o insanlar\u0131n tutumu olur. Onlar\u0131n bilinen, tan\u0131nan davran\u0131\u015f \u00f6zelli\u011fi durumuna gelir. Tutum, belirli bir uyaran kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda insan\u0131n duygu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgileri i\u00e7erir, \u00f6zetle, benimsenerek kazan\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n, bir anlamda toplumsal etkilere kar\u015f\u0131 insanlardaki bilgi birikimi oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Benimseyerek kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgi birikimiyle, elde etti\u011fi davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131yla topluma uyum sa\u011flayan insanlar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z davranabilirler. Ancak bu insanlar\u0131n bili\u015fsel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00fc\u015fmemeleri i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z davranabilecekleri, bilgi birikimlerini istedikleri gibi kullanabilecekleri \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir toplumsal ortama gereksinim vard\u0131r. Davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemi\u015f, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z davranmaya al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan insanlar, toplumsal ortamda bask\u0131lar artt\u0131k\u00e7a, yasaklar \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131k\u00e7a, \u00f6teki insanlardan daha \u00e7ok \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ferler. Topluma uyumlar\u0131 daha \u00e7abuk bozulur. Uyumsuzluk davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 daha s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, korkutmaya, y\u0131ld\u0131rmaya, yasaklara dayal\u0131 bask\u0131 rejimlerinin egemen oldu\u011fu toplumlarda, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr davranmaya al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bilim adamlar\u0131, ozanlar, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, yazarlar en \u00e7ok \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fen ve zorlanan insanlar1 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Neden \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc Demokratik Rejimler ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu durum bireyin ve toplumun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc demokratik rejimlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki rejimlerden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130nsanlar benimsediklerini, bildiklerini ancak bu rejimlerde \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ortaya koyabilir, neden ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 davrand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabilirler.<\/p>\n

Kamu d\u00fczeni toplumda, ekonomik yap\u0131yla temel toplumsal yap\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131, dengeyi, d\u00fczeni, uyumu sa\u011flayan ilkelerin, kurallar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc demokratik rejimlerde kamu d\u00fczenini toplumun eri\u015fkin bireylerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcr oylar\u0131yla olu\u015fan parlamento sa\u011flar. Parlamento \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalar, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamalarla bu d\u00fczeni kurar ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc demokratik rejimler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan rejimlerde kamu d\u00fczeni bir ki\u015finin, grubun, kesimin, partinin etkinli\u011fine, \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenir. Bu durum kamu d\u00fczeni ad\u0131na d\u00fczensizlikler getirir.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal Kaynakl\u0131 Zararl\u0131 Etken : \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri K\u0131s\u0131tlama, Bask\u0131 Ve Yasaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc demokratik rejim olmazsa, \u00f6nce ekonomik yap\u0131yla temel toplumsal yap\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fim-etkile\u015fim bozulur. Bu yap\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve dengesizlik ba\u015flar. Kimi insan, grup, kesim ya da parti, ekonomik yap\u0131dan daha \u00e7ok pay almak, yararlanmak i\u00e7in temel toplumsal yap\u0131lardan birini ya da bir ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 bask\u0131, korku ve yasak arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131r. Geleneklerin, g\u00f6reneklerin k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini, dinin \u00abg\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131\u00bb vurgular. Yasalarda \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131r, yasaklar art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle bir toplumda insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun ekonomik durumu bozulur. Temel toplumsal yap\u0131larla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeleri \u015fiddetlenir. S\u00f6z\u00fcn k\u0131sas\u0131, bu t\u00fcr toplumlarda toplumsal kaynakl\u0131 zararl\u0131 etkenlerin nicelik ve niteli\u011fi artar. Bu etkenler bireylerde zorlanma yarat\u0131r. Zorlanmaya kar\u015f\u0131 bireylerin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, tepkisi kimi kez bireysel belirtilere ve yak\u0131nmalara, kimi kez toplumsal \u00e7alkant\u0131lara ve patlamalara yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, toplumun dengesini, d\u00fczenini koruma ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme yollar\u0131n\u0131n, y\u00f6ntemlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fc olan politika ve bu politikay\u0131 uygulayanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, ideolojisi, siyasal e\u011filimleri, toplumun ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve temel toplumsal kurumlan, yap\u0131lan etkiler. Bu yap\u0131lardaki dengenin, d\u00fczenin bozulmas\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak bireyin ruhsal-toplumsal dengesini, d\u00fczenini, uyumunu bozar. Toplumdaki ve bireydeki de\u011fi\u015fmelerin \u00e7ak\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, kesi\u015fti\u011fi noktalar, yerler, birey i\u00e7in toplumsal kaynakl\u0131 zararl\u0131 etken olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

Gergedanla\u015fmak ya da Gergedanla\u015fmamak<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eugene Ionesco’nun Gergedan adl\u0131 oyununda, toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fmenin birey \u00fczerindeki etkisi en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, simgesel olarak anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Romen as\u0131ll\u0131 olan Ionesco, Almanya’da nazizmin, \u0130talya’da fa\u015fizmin bireyde ve toplumda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeyi, bu ideolojileri benimseyen insanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemi\u015f, bu ideolojilerin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 felaketini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bireyle toplum aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma yaratan nedenleri yak\u0131ndan izleme olana\u011f\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Oyunda toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fmenin birey \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u00abgergedan\u00bb ile simgelenmi\u015ftir. Birey al\u0131\u015fageldi\u011fi, kullanageldi\u011fi davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirip toplumda etkin ve ge\u00e7erli olanlar\u0131 benimsedik\u00e7e \u00abgergedanla\u015fmaktad\u0131r\u00bb. Ancak toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu de\u011fi\u015fmeyle ilgili \u00abnas\u0131l?\u00bb, \u00abneden?\u00bb, \u00abni\u00e7in?\u00bb sorular\u0131n\u0131 sorup bunlar\u0131n cevab\u0131n\u0131 aramaz. Bireyler bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fmeyi a\u00e7\u0131klamaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar yerine, ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar \u00fczerinde vakit yitirir, kimin daha \u00e7ok \u00abgergedanla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00bb n\u0131n dedikodusunu yapar, kimin Afrika, kimin Asya \u00abgergedan\u0131\u00bb oldu\u011funu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00fczeysel dedikodular ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcr\u00fcp giderken, bireyleri ve toplumu temelinden de\u011fi\u015ftiren \u00abgergedanla\u015fma\u00bb ak\u0131m\u0131 geni\u015fler, yay\u0131l\u0131r, b\u00fct\u00fcn topluma egemen olur. Toplumun t\u00fcm kurumlar\u0131, kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00abgergedanlar\u0131n\u00bb eline ge\u00e7er. Bas\u0131n yay\u0131nda \u00abgergedanlar\u0131n\u00bb sesi duyulur, \u00f6zetle, toplumun ortak ama\u00e7lar\u0131na, beklentilerine, de\u011ferlerine, duygular\u0131na, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine, ilkelerine, ideallerine, ideolojilerine \u00abgergedanlar\u00bb egemen olur. Toplumda \u00abgergedanlar\u0131n\u00bb olu\u015fturdu\u011fu davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 etkinlik kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Oyunun kahraman\u0131 Berenger, gergedanla\u015fmaya kar\u015f\u0131 direnmek, kar\u015f\u0131 koymak ya da de\u011fi\u015fmenin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal ortama uymak aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli karar de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Kar\u015f\u0131 koymak, gergedanla\u015fmayla sava\u015fmak, kendini ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 bu de\u011fi\u015fmeden korumak ister. Ancak nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131 koyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sava\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilemez. Gergedanla\u015fma ak\u0131m\u0131na uymak, bu ak\u0131m\u0131n getirdi\u011fi davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemek ister, beceremez.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fmenin getirdi\u011fi yeni davran\u0131\u015f kal\u0131plar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bireyler, bir s\u00fcre oyunun kahraman\u0131 Berenger gibi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015fer, buna ba\u011fl\u0131 kayg\u0131 duyar ve zorlan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Bu oyunda i\u015flenenin tersi bir \u00abgergedanla\u015fma\u00bb da olabilir. Kimi insan da toplumdaki sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 geli\u015fme ve de\u011fi\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak \u00abgergedan\u00bb gibi kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal Zorlanma ve Ko\u015fullar\u0131 | Zorlanan \u0130nsan – Prof.Dr. \u00d6zcan K\u00f6knel<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Toplum insanlar\u0131n temel gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak, ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla biraraya gelmelerinden olu\u015fur. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendisini anlamas\u0131, bilmesi; ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7evresini, toplumu anlamas\u0131yla, bilmesiyle ba\u015flar. Bir\u00e7ok insan “insan\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedir?” sorusuna “insan toplumsal bir hayvand\u0131r”, “insan toplumsal bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r”, “insan toplumda ya\u015fayan bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r” gibi cevaplar verir, insan do\u011fal ve t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc olan, i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fc ve d\u00fcrt\u00fclerden kaynaklanan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-7129","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-psikoloji"},"yoast_head":"\nToplumsal Zorlanma ve Ko\u015fullar\u0131 | Zorlanan \u0130nsan - Prof.Dr. \u00d6zcan K\u00f6knel - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/10\/toplumsal-zorlanma-ve-kosullari-zorlanan-insan-prof-dr-ozcan-koknel\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Toplumsal Zorlanma ve Ko\u015fullar\u0131 | Zorlanan \u0130nsan - Prof.Dr. \u00d6zcan K\u00f6knel\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Toplum insanlar\u0131n temel gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamak, ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla biraraya gelmelerinden olu\u015fur. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendisini anlamas\u0131, bilmesi; ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7evresini, toplumu anlamas\u0131yla, bilmesiyle ba\u015flar. 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