{"id":7135,"date":"2018-08-11T12:36:47","date_gmt":"2018-08-11T09:36:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2018\/08\/11\/kapitalist-dunya-ekonomisinde-sinif-catismasi-immanuel-wallerstein\/"},"modified":"2024-04-27T11:13:14","modified_gmt":"2024-04-27T08:13:14","slug":"kapitalist-dunya-ekonomisinde-sinif-catismasi-immanuel-wallerstein","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/11\/kapitalist-dunya-ekonomisinde-sinif-catismasi-immanuel-wallerstein\/","title":{"rendered":"Kapitalist D\u00fcnya Ekonomisinde S\u0131n\u0131f \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 | \u0130mmanuel Wallerstein"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f Karl Marx taraf\u0131ndan icat edilmi\u015f bir kavram de\u011fildi. Yunanl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda biliniyordu ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupa toplumsal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde ve Frans\u0131z Devrimi’nden sonra yaz\u0131lan eserlerde yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Marx’\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131 ise \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130lk olarak, t\u00fcm tarihin s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin tarihi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130kinci olarak, an sich (kendinde) bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, f\u00fcr sich (kendi i\u00e7in) bir s\u0131n\u0131f olmas\u0131 gerekmedi\u011fi olgusuna i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n asli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bu\u0131juva ile proleter aras\u0131nda, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olanlarla olmayanlar aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (Bu, \u00fcretici olmayan rantiye\u00adlere kar\u015f\u0131, aktif patronlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerle birlikte \u00fcretici ki\u015filer olarak grupland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, esas uzla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcretici kesim ile \u00fcretici ol\u00admayan kesim aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla terstir.)<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, devrimci ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015f\u00adlan\u0131nca, devrimci olmayan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin hepsi taraf\u0131ndan de\u011filse bile bir\u00e7o\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan me\u015fruiyeti \u00f6fkeyle reddedilerek bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. O zamandan beri Marx’\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f \u00fczerine bu en \u00f6nemli \u00fc\u00e7 iddias\u0131n\u0131n her biri \u015fiddetli anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara konu oldu.<\/p>\n

Weber, s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, grup \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n asli bi\u00e7imi oldu\u00ad\u011fu sav\u0131na, s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, gruplar\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00fc\u00e7 boyuttan yaln\u0131zca biri ol\u00addu\u011funu; di\u011fer ikisinin stat\u00fc ve ideoloji oldu\u011funu ve bu \u00fc\u00e7 boyu\u00adtun da a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 e\u015fit derecede ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi. Weber’in takip\u00e7ilerinden bir\u00e7o\u011fu daha ileri gittiler ve as\u0131l ya da “ilksel” olan\u0131n stat\u00fc grubu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u015fitli sosyal psikologlar, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n belirli zamanlarda f\u00fcr sich olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, an sich varolduklar\u0131 sav\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, anlaml\u0131 olan tek deneysel kavram\u0131n s\u00f6zde “\u00f6znel” bir kav\u00adram oldu\u011funda \u0131srar ettiler. Bireyler sadece kendilerini bu t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00fcyesi sayd\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6yledirler.<\/p>\n

Burjuvazinin ve proletaryan\u0131n kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131ndaki iki asli, kutupla\u015fm\u0131\u015f grup olduklar\u0131 sav\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, bir\u00e7ok \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeci (bizzat Marx’tan al\u0131nt\u0131 yaparak) ikiden fazla “s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n” varoldu\u011funu ve “kutupla\u015fman\u0131n” zamanla \u00e7o\u011falmay\u0131p azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdiler.<\/p>\n

Marksist \u00f6nc\u00fcllere getirilen bu kar\u015f\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131n her biri; kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, \u00f6zg\u00fcn Marksist \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeden \u00e7\u0131kan siyasal stratejilerde bozulmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu durumda tepkilerden biri, bu kar\u015f\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131n ideolojik temellerini g\u00f6stermekti ve bu bir\u00e7ok kez yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ama, ideolojik \u00e7arp\u0131tmalar beraberinde kuramsal yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 getirdi\u011finden, rakip kavramlar\u0131n kuramsal kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fmak, uzun vadede, hem entelekt\u00fcel hem de siyasal a\u00e7\u0131dan daha etkilidir.<\/p>\n

Bundan ba\u015fka, s\u0131n\u0131f ve s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin Marksist \u00f6n\u00adc\u00fcllere yap\u0131lan s\u00fcrekli sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ger\u00e7eklikleriyle birle\u015ferek, Marksist cephenin i\u00e7inde entelekt\u00fcel belirsizli\u011fe yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu belirsizlik zamanla \u00fc\u00e7 bi\u00e7im alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: s\u00f6zde “ulusal sorun”un \u00f6ne\u00admine ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fma; belirli toplumsal tabakalar\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle de “k\u00f6yl\u00fc”n\u00fcn ve “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bu\u0131juvazinin ve\/veya “yeni i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131”n\u0131n) rol\u00fcne dair tart\u0131\u015fma; k\u00fcresel, mek\u00e2nsal hiyerar\u015file\u015ftirme kavram\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n (“merkez” ve “\u00e7evre”) ve bunlarla ili\u015fkili olan “e\u015fitsiz m\u00fc\u00adbadele” kavram\u0131n\u0131n yararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fma.<\/p>\n

“Ulusal sorun” Marksist (ve sosyalist) hareketlere, ilk kez 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, \u00f6zellikle de Avusturya-Macaristan ve Rusya impa\u00adratorluklar\u0131nda, musallat olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “K\u00f6yl\u00fc sorunu” iki d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00c7in Devrimi’yle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “\u00c7evre” nin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 rol\u00fc \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra, Bandung’un(2), s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelikten kurtulu\u015fun ve “\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnyac\u0131l\u0131k”\u0131n d\u00fcmen su\u00adyunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir mesele haline gelmi\u015ftir. Asl\u0131nda bu \u00fc\u00e7 “so\u00adrun” tek bir teman\u0131n varyanttand\u0131r: Marksist \u00f6nc\u00fcller nas\u0131l yorumlanmal\u0131; ger\u00e7ekte tarihsel olarak evrildi\u011fi \u015fekliyle kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde s\u0131n\u0131f bilincinin ve s\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fumunun temelleri neler\u00addir ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n, bu \u00f6nc\u00fcller a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, onun i\u00e7in\u00adde yer alan gruplar taraf\u0131ndan halen siyasal olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir?<\/p>\n

Bu tarihsel tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n bize, ger\u00e7ekte kimlerin bu\u0131juva ve proleter ol\u00adduklar\u0131 ve hem bu\u0131juvan\u0131n hem de proleterin kapitalist i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcnde \u00e7e\u015fitli yer al\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imlerinin siyasal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n neler ol\u00addu\u011fu konusunda verdi\u011fi bilgileri tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6neriyorum.<\/p>\n

Bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 olarak kapitalizm nedir? Bu kolay bir soru de\u011fildir ve bu y\u00fczden ger\u00e7ekte \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir soru da de\u011fildir. Bana \u00f6yle geliyor ki, “model’i in\u015fa etmek i\u00e7in birle\u015fen \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6\u011fe vard\u0131r. Kapitalizm art\u0131k yarat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcste \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, per se (kendiyle) \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi\u011fi tek \u00fcretim tarz\u0131d\u0131r. Her tarihsel sistemde bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u00fcretim kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in, bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u00fcretim ise m\u00fc\u00adbadele i\u00e7indir; yaln\u0131zca kapitalizmde, t\u00fcm \u00fcreticiler birincil olarak \u00fcrettikleri m\u00fcbadele de\u011feri i\u00e7in \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir ve buna ald\u0131rmad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlar. “\u00d6d\u00fcller” ve “cezalar”, “pazar” ad\u0131 verilen bir yap\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bir yap\u0131d\u0131r ama bir kurum de\u011fildir. Bir\u00e7ok (siyasal, iktisadi, toplumsal, hatta k\u00fclt\u00fcrel) ku\u00adrum taraf\u0131ndan bi\u00e7imlendirilen bir yap\u0131d\u0131r ve iktisadi m\u00fccadelenin esas arenas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sadece art\u0131k, art\u0131k i\u00e7in, en \u00fcste \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmakla kal\u0131nmaz; art\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha \u00e7ok art\u0131k \u00fcreterek daha fazla sermaye biriktirmek i\u00e7in kulla\u00adnanlar, daha da \u00e7ok \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilir. O halde s\u00fcrekli yay\u0131lma, bu s\u0131\u00adrada sistemin bireyselci \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan olanaks\u0131z k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, zorunludur.<\/p>\n

K\u00e2r aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir? As\u0131l \u00fcreticilerin eme\u011finin ya\u00adratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k de\u011fere el koymalar\u0131 i\u00e7in, tek tek \u015firketlere (bunlar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck olarak bireylerden, devletler \u00f6tesi acenteler de dahil, \u00e7ok geni\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelere dek uzanmaktad\u0131r) yasal himayeler sa\u011f\u00adlayarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ancak, e\u011fer bu art\u0131k de\u011ferin t\u00fcm\u00fc ya da \u00e7o\u011fu “\u015firketlere” sahip olanlar ya da kontrol edenler taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcketilseydi kapitalizm olmazd\u0131. Asl\u0131nda, \u00e7e\u015fitli kapitalizm-\u00f6ncesi sis\u00adtemlerde olmu\u015f olan hemen hemen budur.<\/p>\n

Kapitalizm bundan ba\u015fka, sermaye sahiplerinin ve sermayeyi kontrol edenlerin, esas olarak, art\u0131k de\u011ferin yaln\u0131zca bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendi t\u00fcketimleri i\u00e7in, (genellikle daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan) di\u011fer bir k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131n\u0131 ise daha yeni yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kullanan kesimini \u00f6d\u00fcllendiren yap\u0131 ve kurumlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Pazar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 sermaye birikimi yapma\u00adyanlar\u0131n (art\u0131k de\u011feri sadece t\u00fcketenlerin) zamanla, sermaye biriktiricilere, iktisadi anlamda yenilmelerini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Buradan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, kendilerinin yaratmad\u0131klar\u0131 art\u0131k de\u00ad\u011ferin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc alan ve bunun da bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sermaye biri\u00adkimi yapmak i\u00e7in kullananlar\u0131 burjuvazi olarak adland\u0131rabiliriz. Bu\u0131juvay\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan belirli bir meslek ve hatta (tarihsel olarak \u00f6nemli olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen) yasal m\u00fclk sahipli\u011fi stat\u00fcs\u00fc de de\u011fildir; bu\u0131juvan\u0131n, ister birey olarak, ister bir ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fcyesi olarak, ya\u00adratmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 elde etti\u011fi ve bu art\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretim malzemesine (yine ister bireysel olarak, ister bir ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak) yat\u0131rma konumunda oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Bunu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir \u00f6rg\u00fctsel d\u00fczenlemeler dizisi vard\u0131r; klasik “h\u00fcr te\u015febb\u00fcs sahibi” modeli bunlardan yaln\u0131zca biridir. Belli anlarda, belli devletlerde (\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00fczenlemeler ya\u00adsal \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r) hangi \u00f6rg\u00fctsel d\u00fczenlemelerin h\u00e2kim ola\u00adca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen, bir yandan bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin geli\u015fme durumu (ve belli bir devletin d\u00fcnya ekonomisindeki ro\u00adl\u00fc), di\u011fer yandan ise d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde (ve o devlette) s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin bu durumun sonucu olarak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerdir. Bu y\u00fczden, t\u00fcm di\u011fer toplumsal kavramlar gibi burjuvazi de dura\u011fan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcng\u00fc de\u011fildir. Aral\u0131ks\u0131z yeniden yarat\u0131lma ve bundan do\u00adlay\u0131 bi\u00e7im ve bile\u015fim olarak s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde olan bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu bir d\u00fczeyde (en az\u0131ndan belli baz\u0131 epistemolojik \u00f6n\u00adc\u00fcllerle) o denli a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, bunu s\u00f6ylemek \u00e7ok bilinen bir \u015feyi tek\u00adrarlamak gibi oluyor. Yine de literat\u00fcr, herhangi bir yerel grubun, kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin geli\u015fiminin ba\u015fka bir yerinden ve zaman\u0131ndan t\u00fcretilen bir \u00f6rg\u00fctsel d\u00fczenleme modeli a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, burjuva (ya da proleter) olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusundaki de\u011ferlendir\u00admelerle dolup ta\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130deal tip yoktur. (\u00c7ok tuhaft\u0131r ki, “ideal tip” Weberci bir y\u00f6ntemsel kavram olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir\u00e7ok Weberci pratikte bunun fark\u0131ndad\u0131r, tersine bir\u00e7ok Marksist ise ger\u00e7ekte “ideal tipleri” s\u00fcrekli olarak kullanmaktad\u0131r).<\/p>\n

\u0130deal tip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul edersek, nitelikler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u00ad\u011fil, ancak s\u00fcre\u00e7ler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tan\u0131m (yani soyutlama) yapabiliriz. Bir birey nas\u0131l burjuva olur, burjuva kal\u0131r, bir burjuva olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar? Bir burjuva olman\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca yolu pazardaki ba\u015far\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015f\u00adlang\u0131\u00e7ta ba\u015far\u0131 elde edilecek bir konuma nas\u0131l gelindi\u011fiyse ikincil bir sorudur. \u00c7e\u015fitli yollar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Biri Horatio Alger(3) modelidir: daha fazla \u00e7aba g\u00f6stererek i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndakilerden farkl\u0131la\u015fmak. (Bu, Marx’\u0131n feodalizmden kapitalizme giden “ger\u00e7ekten devrimci yol “una \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde benzer.) Oliver Twist modeli vard\u0131r: yetenek sayesinde se\u00e7ilme. Horace Marn\u0131(4) modeli vard\u0131r: potan\u00adsiyelin, resmi e\u011fitimdeki ba\u015far\u0131 yoluyla ispat\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fakat atlama tahtas\u0131na giden yol \u00f6nemsizdir. Burjuvalann \u00e7o\u00ad\u011fu veraset yoluyla burjuva olurlar. Bu havuzda y\u00fczme imk\u00e2n\u0131 e\u015fitsiz ve bazen de d\u00fczensizdir. Fakat en \u00f6nemli soru \u015fudur: belirli bir birey (ya da \u015firket) y\u00fczebilir mi? Bir burjuva olmak herkeste olmayan becerileri \u2014kurnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sertli\u011fi, gayretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131\u2014 ge\u00adrektirir. Her zaman i\u00e7in, burjuvalann belli bir y\u00fczdesi pazarda ba\u00ad\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olur.<\/p>\n

Ancak daha da \u00f6nemlisi, hepsi de\u011filse bile \u00e7o\u011fu, konumla- nn\u0131n sundu\u011fu \u00f6d\u00fcllerin keyfini s\u00fcrmek isteyen, ba\u015fanl\u0131 olmu\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir grup vard\u0131r. Muhtemel \u00f6d\u00fcllerden biri pazarda \u00e7ok \u00e7etin bir \u015fekilde rekabete girmek zorunda olmamakt\u0131r. Fakat geliri ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sa\u011flayan\u0131n pazar oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, gelir d\u00fczeyini, ona tekab\u00fcl eden d\u00fczeyde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma girdisi sa\u011flamadan koruyabilmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak konusunda yap\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir bask\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu, ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 stat\u00fcye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r \u2014 siyasal ve toplumsal bir \u00e7abad\u0131r. Stat\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015f ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6d\u00fcllerinin fosille\u015f\u00admesinden \u00f6te bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Burjuvazi i\u00e7in sorun, kapitalizmin dinami\u011finin siyasal ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kuramlarda de\u011fil, ekonomide yer almas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle, stat\u00fc edinme iddias\u0131nda olan stat\u00fcs\u00fcz yeni burjuvalar her zaman vard\u0131r. Ve e\u011fer \u00e7ok fazla say\u0131da insan sahip olursa y\u00fcksek stat\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcn de\u011feri kalmayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, yeni zenginler (yeni ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131lar) her zaman, kendilerine yer a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in di\u011ferlerini yerlerinden etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. A\u00e7\u0131k hedef tabii ki, eski ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n, edinilmi\u015f stat\u00fc\u00adlerine dayanan ama art\u0131k pazarda varl\u0131k g\u00f6steremeyen en alt par\u00ad\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, diyebiliriz ki, bu\u0131juvazinin her zaman \u00fc\u00e7 par\u00e7as\u0131 vard\u0131r: “yeni zenginler”; “eski ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne yatanlar”; ve pazarda h\u00e2l\u00e2 yeterince varl\u0131k g\u00f6steren burjuva \u00e7ocuklar\u0131. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 alt-grup aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri anlayabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kategorinin hemen hemen her zaman en b\u00fcy\u00fckleri oldu\u011funu ve genelde di\u011fer ikisinin toplam\u0131ndan da b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu ak\u0131lda tutmam\u0131z gerekir. Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n homojenli\u011finin ve g\u00f6reli istikrar\u0131n ana kayna\u011f\u0131 budur.<\/p>\n

Ancak “yeni zenginlerin” ve “eski ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne yatan\u00adlar\u0131n”, burjuvazideki y\u00fczdelerinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlar olur. Bence bunlar genelde hem iflaslar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131\u011f\u0131, hem de sermaye yo\u011funla\u015fma\u00ads\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, iktisadi daralma anlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Genelde b\u00f6yle zamanlarda, burjuvazinin i\u00e7inde siyasal kav\u00adgan\u0131n olduk\u00e7a \u015fiddetli hale geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Terminolojik olarak s\u0131kl\u0131kla, “ilerici” unsurlarla “gerici” unsurlar\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131 olarak ta\u00adn\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131mda “ilerici” gruplar, kurumsal “haklar\u0131n” ve im\u00adk\u00e2nlar\u0131n pazardaki varl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ya da yeniden tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep edenler, “gerici” gruplarsa \u00f6nceden edinilmi\u015f ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n (s\u00f6zde “geleneklerin”) korunmas\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayanlar\u00add\u0131r. Bence \u0130ngiliz Devrimi bu t\u00fcr burjuvazi i\u00e7i \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr siyasal m\u00fccadelelerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesini bu derece tar\u00adt\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale getiren ve ger\u00e7ek sonucu \u00e7o\u011funlukla belirsiz (ve esas olarak “muhafazak\u00e2r”) k\u0131lan \u015fey, burjuvazinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck par\u00e7as\u0131\u00adn\u0131n (\u00e7at\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda bile) hem “s\u0131n\u0131f hem de “stat\u00fc” bak\u0131m\u0131n\u00addan ayr\u0131cal\u0131k iddia etmesi olgusudur. Yani, bu iki tan\u0131mdan han\u00adgisi \u00fcst\u00fcn gelirse gelsin, birey ve alt-grup olarak otomatik bir bi\u00ad\u00e7imde yenilmezler. O halde, tipik bir bi\u00e7imde, siyasal olarak ka\u00adrars\u0131z ya da bocalar durumdad\u0131rlar ve “uzla\u015fma” pe\u015findedirler. Ve e\u011fer, di\u011fer alt gruplar\u0131n ihtiraslar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bu uzla\u015fmay\u0131 derhal sa\u011flayamazlarsa, uygun zaman gelene dek f\u0131rsat kollarlar (\u0130ngil\u00adtere’de 1688-89’da b\u00f6yle olmu\u015ftur).<\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr burjuvazi i\u00e7i \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7eki\u015fen gruplar\u0131n retori\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131\u00ads\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r; ancak bu t\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n, kapi\u00adtalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7leri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem\u00adsiz ya da ilgisiz oldu\u011funu iddia edecek de\u011filim.<\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcr bu\u0131juvazi i\u00e7i \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, kesinlikle sisteme iktisadi da\u00adralmalar\u0131n dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yinelenen “sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n” ve sistemin esas mo\u00adtorunu, yani sermaye birikimini yenileme ve yeniden canland\u0131rma mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sistemi i\u015fe yaramaz asalaklar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r; toplumsal-siyasal yap\u0131lar\u0131 de\u00ad\u011fi\u015fen iktisadi etkinlik a\u011f\u0131yla daha uyumlu hale sokar ve s\u00fcregiden yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in ideolojik bir cila i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. E\u011fer buna “ilerleme” demek isteyen varsa diyebilir. Ben bu terimi daha temel toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere saklamay\u0131 tercih ederim.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fim bu di\u011fer toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler, bu\u0131juvazinin evrilen karakterinin de\u011fil, proletaryan\u0131n evrilen karakterinin so\u00adnu\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer bu\u0131juvaziyi, kendilerinin yaratmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k de\u011feri alanlar ve bunun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 sermaye birikimi yapmak i\u00e7in kulla\u00adnanlar olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131ysak bunun sonucu olarak proletarya da, yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 art\u0131k de\u011ferin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131na b\u0131rakanlar olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Bu anlamda, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca burju- valar ve proleterler vard\u0131r. Kutupluluk yap\u0131sald\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Proleter kavram\u0131na ili\u015fkin bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n nelere yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyice a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015ftural\u0131m: \u00dcreticiye \u00fccret \u00f6denmesini, proletar\u00adyan\u0131n tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bunun yerine ba\u015fka bir perspektiften yola \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00dcretici, de\u011fer yarat\u0131r. Peki, bu de\u011fere ne olur? Mant\u0131ksal olarak \u00fc\u00e7 olas\u0131l\u0131k vard\u0131r: Hepsine sahip olur (dolay\u0131s\u0131yla elinde tutar), bir k\u0131sm\u0131na sahip olur, ya da hi\u00e7bir k\u0131sm\u0131na sahip olmaz. E\u011fer hepsine sahip olmaz da, bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ya da hepsini ba\u015fka birine (ya da bir “\u015firkete”) “aktar\u0131rsa” kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u00adda ya hi\u00e7bir \u015fey ya mal ya para ya da mal art\u0131 para al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer \u00fcretici hayat\u0131 boyunca kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi de\u011ferin hepsini ger\u00e7ekten elinde tutarsa kapitalist sisteme kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olur. Ama kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, bu t\u00fcr bir \u00fcretici sand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7ok daha ender bir olayd\u0131r. Daha yak\u0131ndan incelen\u00addi\u011finde s\u00f6zde “ge\u00e7im i\u00e7in \u00fcreten \u00e7ift\u00e7i”nin bile asl\u0131nda baz\u0131 yollar\u00adla, birilerine art\u0131k de\u011fer aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer bu grubu saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131rsak di\u011fer mant\u0131ksal olas\u0131l\u0131klar, i\u00e7lerinden sadece bir tanesi klasik modeli kar\u015f\u0131layan sekiz \u00e7e\u015fit proletaryadan bir matris olu\u015ftururlar. Klasik modele uyan bu bir tanesi, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferin hepsini “sahip”e aktaran ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda para (yani \u00fccret) alan i\u015f\u00e7idir. Matrisin di\u011fer noktalar\u0131na ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici (ya da “orta k\u00f6yl\u00fc”), kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7i, ortak\u00e7\u0131, g\u00fcndelik\u00e7i, k\u00f6le gibi tan\u0131d\u0131k tipleri yerle\u015ftirebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fkusuz bu “tipler”in her birinin tan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin ba\u015fka bir boyut daha vard\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu olan, i\u015f\u00e7inin rol\u00fcn\u00fc belli bir bi\u00ad\u00e7imde oynamay\u0131, pazar\u0131n bask\u0131lar\u0131 alt\u0131nda (buna pi\u015fkinlikle “\u00f6z\u00adg\u00fcr” emek ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyoruz) ya da siyasal mekanizman\u0131n buyruk\u00adlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden (buna da d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir \u015fekilde, angarya ya da “mec\u00adburi” emek diyoruz), nas\u0131l kabullendi\u011fidir. Ba\u015fka bir konu da s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin uzunlu\u011fudur; g\u00fcnl\u00fck, haftal\u0131k, y\u0131ll\u0131k ya da \u00f6m\u00fcr bo\u00adyu olabilir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir konu ise \u00fcreticinin verili bir patronla ili\u015f\u00adkisinin, \u00fcreticinin r\u0131zas\u0131 al\u0131nmadan, di\u011fer bir patrona devredilip devredilemeyece\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlanma derecesi ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme uzunlu\u011fu \u00f6deme bi\u00e7imiyle kesi\u015fmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l Perusu’nda mita, zorunlu \u00fccretli emekti, ama sadece belirlenmi\u015f bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in zorun\u00adluydu. Resmi s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f emek, \u00fcreticinin, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 mal ola\u00adrak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir emek bi\u00e7imiydi. S\u00fcresi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcndelik\u00e7i b\u00fct\u00fcn de\u011feri aktar\u0131yordu, kuramsal olarak para, ama pratikte mal al\u0131\u00adyordu; s\u00f6zle\u015fme kuramsal olarak bir y\u0131l, pratikte ise \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. G\u00fcndelik\u00e7i ile k\u00f6le aras\u0131ndaki fark, ku\u015fkusuz sonu\u00e7ta kuramsal bir farkt\u0131, ancak pratikte iki y\u00f6nde ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Bi\u00adrincisi, bir derebeyi bir k\u00f6leyi satabilirdi, oysa genelde bir g\u00fcnde\u00adlik\u00e7iyi satamazd\u0131. \u0130kincisi, e\u011fer d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan biri g\u00fcndelik\u00e7iye para verirse yasal olarak “s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini” sona erdirebilirdi. Bu bir k\u00f6le i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Bu morfolojiyi olu\u015ftururken nihai bir ama\u00e7 olarak de\u011fil, ka\u00adpitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin baz\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131m. \u00c7e\u015fitli emek bi\u00e7imleri aras\u0131nda, iktisadi ve siyasal imalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

San\u0131r\u0131m iktisadi olarak, basit bir bi\u00e7imde (yani en az maliyet\u00adle) denetlenebilecek t\u00fcm emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7inde en y\u00fcksek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k alan emek bi\u00e7imi \u00fccretli emektir. Ve bu nedenle, art\u0131k de\u011feri alan ki\u015fi \u00fcreticiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar, \u00fccretli olarak de\u011fil ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olarak ili\u015fki kurmay\u0131 tercih edecektir. \u015euras\u0131 kesindir ki, art\u0131\u011f\u0131n belli bir k\u0131sm\u0131, denetim maliyetlerine harcanmak yerine \u00fcreticiye verilirse fazla denetim maliyeti gerektiren emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri daha az masrafl\u0131 olur. Bunu yapman\u0131n en kolay yolu \u00fccretlerdir ve \u00fccret sisteminin tarihsel (ve s\u00fcregiden) kayna\u011f\u0131 budur.<\/p>\n

Bu\u0131juvazinin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00fccret g\u00f6reli olarak pahal\u0131 bir emek tarz\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, neden kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde hi\u00e7\u00adbir zaman tek ve hatta yak\u0131n zamana dek birincil emek bi\u00e7imi bile olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak kolayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak kapitalizmin de kendi \u00e7eli\u015fkileri vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n temel olanlar\u0131ndan biri k\u0131sa vadede k\u00e2rl\u0131 olan\u0131n uzun vadede ille de k\u00e2rl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Sistemin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak yay\u0131lma becerisi (bu, k\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in gereklidir) d\u00fczenli olarak, yetersiz d\u00fcnya talebi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda darbo\u011faza girer. Bunu a\u015fman\u0131n yollar\u0131ndan biri baz\u0131 \u00fcretici s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin \u00fccretsiz emekten \u00fccretli emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu, \u00fcretilen de\u011ferin \u00fcreticide kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da d\u00fcnya talebi\u00adnin artmas\u0131na yarar. Sonu\u00e7ta, bir emek bi\u00e7imi olarak \u00fccretli eme\u00ad\u011fin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki genel y\u00fczdesi, kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin tarihi boyunca giderek art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Genelde “proleterle\u015fme” olarak s\u00f6z edilen budur.<\/p>\n

Emek bi\u00e7imi siyasal olarak da b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131k yarat\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcreticilerin ger\u00e7ek geliri artt\u0131k\u00e7a ve resmi yasal haklar yay\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, sonu\u00e7ta bir noktaya kadar, proleter s\u0131n\u0131f bilinci de yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir noktaya kadar diyorum, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc “haklar” ve gelir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n belli bir d\u00fczeyine gelindi\u011finde, “proleter” asl\u0131nda ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k degeriyle ya\u015fayan bir “burjuva” halini al\u0131r ve bunun en do\u011frudan et\u00adkisi s\u0131n\u0131f bilinci \u00fczerinde olur. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l b\u00fcrokrat\u0131\/meslek sahibi, asl\u0131nda bazen belli gruplar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n seyrinde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir bu niteliksel kayman\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

“Burjuva” ve “proleter” kategorilerine ili\u015fkin bu yakla\u015f\u0131m bi\u00ad\u00e7imi, “k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin”, “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvalann” ya da “yeni i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131\u00adn\u0131n” rollerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterse de, “ulusal” sorunla ve “merkez” “\u00e7evre” ile ne ilgisi oldu\u011fu sorulabilir.<\/p>\n

Bu konuda konu\u015fmak i\u00e7in, \u015fu s\u0131ralar pop\u00fcler olan bir soruna, kapitalizmde devletin rol\u00fcne bakmam\u0131z gerekir. Kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde bir kurum olarak devletin rol\u00fc, pazardaki baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n avantaj\u0131n\u0131 di\u011ferlerine kar\u015f\u0131 art\u0131rmakt\u0131r; yani pazar\u0131n “ser\u00adbestli\u011fini” azaltmakt\u0131r. Bu “tahrifat”tan k\u00e2rl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc ta\u00adraf\u0131ndan desteklenecektir bu; zararl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc ise buna kar\u015f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn sorun kimin tekerine ta\u015f kondu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n

Avantajlar\u0131 art\u0131rman\u0131n bir\u00e7ok tarz\u0131 vard\u0131r. Devlet, geliri biri\u00adlerinden al\u0131p di\u011ferlerine vererek aktarabilir. Devlet (metalar\u0131n ya da eme\u011fin) pazar imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilir, bu da zaten oligopollerde ya da oligopsonlarda pay\u0131 olanlar\u0131n yarar\u0131nad\u0131r. Devlet, ki\u00ad\u015filerin devletin eylemlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek \u00fczere \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini k\u0131\u00ads\u0131tlayabilir. Ve ku\u015fkusuz devlet, yaln\u0131zca kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u00ad\u011fil, daha \u00f6tesinde de etkide bulunabilir. Bu me\u015fru (s\u0131n\u0131r ge\u00e7i\u015f\u00adlerine dair kurallar) ya da gayri me\u015fru (bir ba\u015fka devletin i\u00e7i\u015fle\u00adrine kar\u0131\u015fma) bi\u00e7imler alabilir. Ku\u015fkusuz sava\u015f da kullan\u0131lan me\u00adkanizmalardan biridir.<\/p>\n

Devletin \u00f6zel bir t\u00fcr \u00f6rg\u00fct oldu\u011funu kavramak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Devletin egemenli\u011fi \u2014ki bu modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir kavram\u0131d\u0131r\u2014 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde me\u015fru zor kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tekeline alma (d\u00fczenleme) iddias\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00fcretim unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na etkin bir bi\u00e7imde m\u00fcda\u00adhale etmekte g\u00f6reli olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konumdad\u0131r. Belli toplumsal gruplar\u0131n da devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek avantaj sa\u011flamalar\u0131 ku\u015fkusuz m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131l\u0131k (ya da \u00f6zerklik) ve ilhak (ya da fe\u00adderasyon) hareketlerinin nedeni budur.<\/p>\n

Bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde yap\u0131sal i\u015fb\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn siyasal payandas\u0131 i\u015flevini g\u00f6ren \u015fey, devletlerin \u00fcretim unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na m\u00fcdahale edebilme bi\u00e7imindeki bu ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i g\u00fc\u00e7leridir. Yinelenen ilk uzmanla\u015fma hamleleri (bir metan\u0131n \u00fcreti\u00adminde do\u011fal ya da toplumsal-tarihsel avantajlar\u0131) normal pazar be\u00addelleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir; ama e\u011filimleri kemikle\u015ftiren, peki\u015ftiren ve b\u00fcy\u00fcten devlet sistemidir ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc modelini yenilemek i\u00e7in devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli aral\u0131klarla kulla\u00adn\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Dahas\u0131 ak\u0131\u015flara m\u00fcdahale etme g\u00fcc\u00fc farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani, merkez devletler \u00e7evre devletlerden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hale gelmi\u015flerdir ve bu farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc devletleraras\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f serbestli\u011fini farkl\u0131\u00adla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir derecede tutmak i\u00e7in kullanmaktad\u0131rlar. \u00d6zellikle mer\u00adkez devletler, tarihsel olarak, paran\u0131n ve mallar\u0131n emekten daha “\u00f6zg\u00fcr bir bi\u00e7imde” akmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, zaman i\u00e7inde ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda d\u00fczenlemeler yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunun nedeni merkez devletlerin, bu yolla “e\u015fitsiz m\u00fcbadele”nin avantajlar\u0131ndan faydalanmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda e\u015fitsiz m\u00fcbadele sadece, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda art\u0131\u011fa el ko\u00adnulmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bir proleterin bir burjuvaya ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fi modele harfiyen ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131rsak hatal\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeler yapar\u0131z. Ger\u00e7ekte, \u00fcreticinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k de\u011fer bir dizi ki\u015fi ve \u015firketten ge\u00e7er. Bu nedenle, bir\u00e7ok burjuvan\u0131n, tek bir proleterin art\u0131k de\u011ferini payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 olur. Zincirdeki farkl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n (m\u00fclk sahibi, t\u00fcccar, ara t\u00fcketiciler) kesin paylar\u0131 tarihsel de\u011fi\u015fime tabi\u00addir ve kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin i\u015fleyi\u015finde analitik bir de\u00ad\u011fi\u015fkendir.<\/p>\n

Bu art\u0131k de\u011fer aktar\u0131m\u0131 zinciri ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k (\u00c7ok s\u0131k? yoksa neredeyse her zaman m\u0131?) a\u015far ve bu oldu\u011funda, bur\u00adjuvalar aras\u0131ndaki payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 merkez devletlerdeki burjuvalar le\u00adhine \u00e7evirmek \u00fczere devreye devlet i\u015flemleri girer. \u0130\u015fte bu e\u015fitsiz m\u00fcbadeledir \u2014 art\u0131k de\u011fere el konulmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in\u00addeki bir mekanizma.<\/p>\n

Bu sistemin toplumsal-co\u011frafi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri, farkl\u0131 dev\u00adletlerde, e\u015fit olmayan bir bu\u0131juvazi-proletarya da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fma\u00ads\u0131d\u0131r. Merkez devletler ulusal olarak, \u00e7evre \u00fclkelerden daha y\u00fck\u00adsek bir burjuva y\u00fczdesine sahiptir. Buna ek olarak, iki b\u00f6lgede bulunan burjuva ve proleter \u00e7e\u015fitleri aras\u0131nda sistematik farkl\u0131\u00adl\u0131klar vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin merkez devletlerde \u00fccretli proleter y\u00fczdesi sistematik olarak daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n

Kapitalist bir d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde devletler siyasal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma\u00adn\u0131n esas arenas\u0131 oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re ve d\u00fcnya ekonomisi ulusal s\u0131n\u0131f bile\u015fiminin yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermesi \u015feklinde i\u015fle\u00addi\u011fine g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin farkl\u0131 konumlar\u0131nda olan devlet\u00adlerin politikalar\u0131n\u0131n neden bu denli farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini kavra\u00admak kolayd\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131, ulusal \u00fcretimin d\u00fcnya ekonomisin\u00addeki i\u015flevini ve toplumsal bile\u015fimini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in belli bir dev\u00adletin siyasal mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 kullanman\u0131n, kapitalist d\u00fcnya sistemini kendili\u011finden de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyece\u011fini kavramak da kolayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak \u015furas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki, yap\u0131sal konumda bir de\u011fi\u015fime do\u011fru yap\u0131lan bu \u00e7e\u015fitli ulusal hamleler (bunlara \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde “geli\u015fme” deriz) ger\u00e7ekten de d\u00fcnya sistemini etkilemekte ve uzun vadede ger\u00e7ekten de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedir. Ama bunu prole\u00adtaryan\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f bilinci \u00fczerindeki etkileri yoluyla \u2014 araya giren bu de\u011fi\u015fken yoluyla\u2014 yaparlar.<\/p>\n

O halde merkez ve \u00e7evre, burjuvazinin art\u0131\u011fa el koyma sis\u00adteminin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek \u00fczere kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ibarelerdir yaln\u0131zca. \u00c7ok basite indirgersek, kapitalizm, proleterin art\u0131k de\u011ferine burjuvan\u0131n el koydu\u011fu bir sistemdir. Bu proleter burjuvadan ayr\u0131 bir \u00fclkede bulundu\u011fu zaman, el koyma s\u00fcrecini etkileyen mekanizmalardan biri, devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n kont\u00adrol\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6nlendirilmesidir. Bu, merkez, yar\u0131-\u00e7evre, ve \u00e7evre kavramlar\u0131nda \u00f6zetlenen “e\u015fitsiz geli\u015fme” \u015fekillerine yol a\u00e7ar. Bu da elimize, kapitalist d\u00fcnya ekonomisindeki bir\u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan bir zihinsel ara\u00e7 ver\u00admektedir.<\/p>\n

Kapitalist D\u00fcnya Ekonomisinde S\u0131n\u0131f \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 |\u0130mmanuel Wallerstein<\/strong><\/p>\n

Irk Ulus S\u0131n\u0131f- Belirsiz Kimlikler<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- Bu makalenin \u0130ngilizce orijinali I.WALLERSTEIN, The Capitalist World- Economy, Cambridge, 1979’da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n2. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda Endonezya’n\u0131n Bandung kentinde yap\u0131lan konferansta Asya ve Afrika \u00fclkeleri bir araya geldiler. Konferans\u0131n ana tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Sovyet- lerin Do\u011fu Avrupa ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’daki faaliyetlerinin Bat\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fc\u0131g;ecili- \u011fiyle bir tutulup tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131yd\u0131, (\u00e7.n.)
\n3. Horatio Alger, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ABD’de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok pop\u00fcler bir yazar. Zengin olmay\u0131 ba\u015faran yoksul \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fclerini yazarak \u00f6yle bir \u00fcn sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki ‘Alger kahraman\u0131” Amerikan dilinde deyimle\u015fmi\u015ftir, (\u00e7.n.)
\n4. Horace Marn\u0131, 19 y\u00fczy\u0131lda ABD’de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, demokratik e\u011fitim siste\u00admini savunan \u00fcnl\u00fc bir e\u011fitimci, (\u00e7.n.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f Karl Marx taraf\u0131ndan icat edilmi\u015f bir kavram de\u011fildi. Yunanl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda biliniyordu ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupa toplumsal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde ve Frans\u0131z Devrimi’nden sonra yaz\u0131lan eserlerde yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Marx’\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131 ise \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130lk olarak, t\u00fcm tarihin s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin tarihi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130kinci olarak, an sich (kendinde) bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, f\u00fcr sich (kendi i\u00e7in) bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[178],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-7135","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-marksizm"},"yoast_head":"\nKapitalist D\u00fcnya Ekonomisinde S\u0131n\u0131f \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 | \u0130mmanuel Wallerstein - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/08\/11\/kapitalist-dunya-ekonomisinde-sinif-catismasi-immanuel-wallerstein\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kapitalist D\u00fcnya Ekonomisinde S\u0131n\u0131f \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 | \u0130mmanuel Wallerstein\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f Karl Marx taraf\u0131ndan icat edilmi\u015f bir kavram de\u011fildi. Yunanl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda biliniyordu ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l Avrupa toplumsal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde ve Frans\u0131z Devrimi’nden sonra yaz\u0131lan eserlerde yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 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