{"id":7172,"date":"2018-11-26T15:13:09","date_gmt":"2018-11-26T12:13:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2018\/11\/26\/cekirdek-aile-kadinlara-uygulanan-baskinin-kokeni-sharon-smith\/"},"modified":"2025-04-20T22:03:01","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T19:03:01","slug":"cekirdek-aile-kadinlara-uygulanan-baskinin-kokeni-sharon-smith","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/11\/26\/cekirdek-aile-kadinlara-uygulanan-baskinin-kokeni-sharon-smith\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ekirdek Aile: Kad\u0131nlara Uygulanan Bask\u0131n\u0131n K\u00f6keni | Sharon Smith"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Tek e\u015fli aile, yani bildi\u011fimiz aile bi\u00e7imi, bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bi\u00e7imlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Modern aile sadece tek bir ama\u00e7la ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: m\u00fclkiyeti miras yoluyla bir ku\u015faktan di\u011ferine aktarmak. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunda evlili\u011fi idealize etmeye yarayan b\u00fct\u00fcn o romantik \u201cger\u00e7ek a\u015fk\u201d imgesi, evlili\u011fin temelde bir m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisi oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftiremez. Kendilerini bo\u015fanma davas\u0131nda bulan pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi tam anlam\u0131yla kavr\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ekirdek ailenin s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlardaki maddi temelleri ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Marx ve Engels i\u00e7in \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1846’da Alman \u0130deolojisi<\/em>‘nde \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ortadan kalkmas\u0131yla \u201cailenin de ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r\u201d deniyordu.<\/p>\n

Engels, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f evliliklerinin ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve ona e\u015flik eden kad\u0131nlar\u0131n al\u00e7alt\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi biliyordu. K\u00f6kenler<\/em>‘de y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n evlili\u011fini tipik bir \u201cailevi huzur olarak bilinen kasvetli s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131da ortakl\u0131k\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.\u00a0Ancak esas \u00f6nemlisi Engels, s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlarla el ele geli\u015fen bir m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisi olarak ailenin tarihsel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n izlerini s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Bu ili\u015fkiyi, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda \u201caile\u201d kavram\u0131na y\u00fcklenen anlam\u0131 g\u00f6stererek \u00f6rnekliyordu:<\/p>\n

\u201cAile\u201d (familia) kavram\u0131n\u0131n orijinal anlam\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yoz ideale \u015fekil veren duygusall\u0131k ve ailevi \u00e7eki\u015fmenin toplam\u0131ndan olu\u015fmamaktad\u0131r. Romal\u0131larda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta evli \u00e7ift ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bile kullan\u0131lm\u0131yordu bu kelime; sadece k\u00f6leler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Famulus ehlile\u015fmi\u015f k\u00f6le, familia ise bir adam\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu toplam k\u00f6le anlam\u0131na geliyor. Ancak Gauis d\u00f6nemine gelindi\u011finde familia, yani patrimonium (aile, yani babadan devral\u0131nan miras, kal\u0131t\u0131m) vasiyet yoluyla miras b\u0131rak\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Terim Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan, reisin kar\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir dizi k\u00f6leyi y\u00f6netti\u011fi yeni bir sosyal organizmay\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak \u00fczere t\u00fcretildi ve baban\u0131n bunlar\u0131n hepsi \u00fczerinde ya\u015famsal tasarruf hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu Roma baba h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda yetkilendirildi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Engels, Marx’tan bir al\u0131nt\u0131 yaparak ekliyor: \u201cModern aile \u00f6z\u00fcnde sadece k\u00f6leli\u011fi (servitus<\/em>) de\u011fil serfli\u011fi de bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerle ilgili olmu\u015ftur. Sonralar\u0131 toplum geneline ve devlete yay\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7eli\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran minyat\u00fcrd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ancak Engels, ilk kom\u00fcnal sosyal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar aras\u0131nda ba\u015fka \u00e7eli\u015fkiler de oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Zenginlik erkeklerin m\u00fclkiyetindeydi ama var olan toplumlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ana soylu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in miras baba de\u011fil anne \u00fczerinden b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca, mutlak bir tek e\u015flili\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, bir erkek kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n kendinden olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan emin olam\u0131yordu. Engels \u015f\u00f6yle diyor:<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle zenginlik artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda erke\u011fin aile i\u00e7indeki konumunu kad\u0131n\u0131nkine oranla y\u00fckseltirken, di\u011fer yandan da babada, kendi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 lehine geleneksel miras sistemini yerle bir etmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f konumunu suistimal etme d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc yarat\u0131yordu… Bu y\u00fczden anal\u0131k hakk\u0131 ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmeliydi ve edildi de.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cAilenin bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc tarih \u00f6ncesi zamanlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in tam olarak nas\u0131l ve ne zaman oldu\u011funu bilemeyiz\u201d diye not ediyor Engels. Ancak \u201cger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi, toplanan \u00e7ok say\u0131da anal\u0131k hakk\u0131na dair bulguyla kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Engels b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla bu noktaya gere\u011finden fazla vurgu yap\u0131yordu. Engels’in (ve Morgan’\u0131n) analiz etti\u011fi toplumlar ana soylu yap\u0131lar sergiliyordu. Ancak Irokualar g\u00f6rece ilerlemi\u015f bah\u00e7ecilikle u\u011fra\u015fan toplumlard\u0131. Evrim teorisi do\u011frultusunda Engels, bunun b\u00fct\u00fcn ilk avc\u0131- toplay\u0131c\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n ana soylu oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi hatal\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n do\u011fru ya da yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlaman\u0131n bir yolu yok, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir belge bulunmuyor. Her ne kadar kimi ilk insan toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n ana soylu oldu\u011fu akla yatk\u0131n bir \u015fekilde varsay\u0131lsa bile, hepsinin akrabal\u0131k yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bu do\u011frultuda \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcremeyiz.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn ilk toplumlar\u0131n ana soylu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z ortada olan \u015fey, s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n evrensel bir ataerkil yap\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015fe ve daha \u00f6nemlisi erkeklerin hane \u201creisi\u201d rol\u00fcn\u00fc kazanmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Engels, \u00e7ekirdek ailenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar \u00f6ncesinde hi\u00e7 olmayan bir \u015fekilde kad\u0131n\u0131n konumunu al\u00e7altt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde kesinlikle hakl\u0131yd\u0131. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdekinden \u00e7ok daha fazla destekleyici bulguyla bug\u00fcn bunu s\u00f6yleyebiliyoruz. Engels \u015funu iddia ediyordu:<\/p>\n

evde de ipleri eline ald\u0131; kad\u0131n hizmetk\u00e2rl\u0131\u011fa indirgendi ve al\u00e7alt\u0131ld\u0131, erke\u011fin \u015fehvetinin k\u00f6lesi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131nda basit bir ara\u00e7 haline geldi… Kad\u0131n\u0131n sadakatini ve erke\u011fin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde babal\u0131k hakk\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama almak i\u00e7in kad\u0131n ko\u015fulsuz bir \u015fekilde erke\u011fin g\u00fcc\u00fcne t\u00e2bi k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131; e\u011fer erkek kad\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrse bu onun hakk\u0131yd\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ailenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, kimi feministlerin iddia etti\u011fi gibi nedeni de\u011fil s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu oldu\u011fu Engels’in sav\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde yer al\u0131yordu. Eleanor Burke Leacock, modern ailenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na bir yan\u0131t olarak geli\u015fti\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle betimliyor:<\/p>\n

Ailenin klandan kopar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tek e\u015flilik kurumu, geli\u015fen \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin sosyal ifadeleriydi. S\u00f6zde tek e\u015flilik, m\u00fclkiyetin bireysel olarak miras edinilmesinin yolunu a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Kimileri i\u00e7in \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet di\u011ferlerinin m\u00fclkiyeti olmamas\u0131 ya da farkl\u0131 sosyal gruplar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Engels’in form\u00fclasyonunun merkezinde, ailenin erke\u011fin h\u00e2kimiyet kurdu\u011fu ekonomik bir birim olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n geli\u015fimi aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131n ili\u015fki yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca Engels neden erkeklerin de\u011fil de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bask\u0131 uygulanan cinsiyet oldu\u011funa dair ikna edici a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yapmaktad\u0131r. Engels’in \u00e7ekirdek ailenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 analizini kabul eden pek \u00e7ok yazar yine de bu analizin toplumsal cinsiyet e\u015fitsizli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Bu ise, \u00f6zellikle de erkeklerin sava\u015f veya ticaretteki rol\u00fcne belirli bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Ancak Coontz ve Henderson’\u0131n not d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi:<\/p>\n

Birbirinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f cinsiyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, e\u011fer erkek alan\u0131 kad\u0131n alan\u0131 pahas\u0131na geni\u015fliyorsa kesinlikle erkek h\u00e2kimiyetine yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Ancak bu t\u00fcrden par\u00e7alanmalar\u0131n sava\u015f, g\u00f6\u00e7, ticaret veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrel gerginlik gibi bilinen pek \u00e7ok \u00f6rne\u011fi, h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda e\u015fitsiz ve sald\u0131rgan toplumlarla temas\u0131n bir sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Engels’in analizi yal\u0131nd\u0131r, geli\u015ftirilmeye ihtiyac\u0131 olabilir ama \u00f6z\u00fc apa\u00e7\u0131k ortadad\u0131r. Do\u011frudan kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00fcretimin h\u00e2kim \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi oldu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar \u00f6ncesinde var olan cinsiyete dayal\u0131 i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc herhangi bir toplumsal cinsiyet e\u015fitsizli\u011fi i\u00e7eri\u011fine sahip de\u011fildi. Kad\u0131nlar \u00fcretici ve yeniden \u00fcretici rollerini bir arada s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebiliyordu, yani her iki cinsiyet de \u00fcretici emek sergiliyordu. Ancak s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in \u00fcretim h\u00e2kim bi\u00e7im olmaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca, cinsiyete dayal\u0131 i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc cinsiyetler aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitli\u011fi a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131rmaya yarad\u0131. \u00dcretim ve ticaret gitgide evin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a hane esas olarak yeniden \u00fcretim alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Coontz ve Henderson’\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi:<\/p>\n

Yeniden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ma giderek artan ihtiya\u00e7 (hem yerel gruplar\u0131n kendi i\u00e7inde hem de birbirleri aras\u0131nda) ve bunun do\u011furdu\u011fu politik g\u00f6revler cinsiyet rolleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan birtak\u0131m sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu politik roller ise ana soylu\/ana yersel toplumlarda bile genelde erkekler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstleniliyordu. Bu durum, muhtemelen erkekleri uzun mesafeleri kapsayan faaliyetlerle, d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerle ve grup genelinde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duyan \u00fcretimle ili\u015fkilendiren i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden kaynaklan\u0131yordu. Kad\u0131nlar ise daha \u00e7ok yokluklar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131ramayacak g\u00fcndelik \u00fcretici faaliyetlerle me\u015fgul oluyorlard\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece \u201ckamusal\u201d ve \u201c\u00f6zel\u201d alan ayr\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131, m\u00fclk sahibi ailelerde de kad\u0131nlar giderek daha fazla eve hapsoldu. Ailenin y\u00fckseli\u015fi bile kad\u0131n\u0131n aile i\u00e7indeki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 rol\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yeterlidir. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinde ilk kez kad\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011fum yapabilme yetisi onlar\u0131 \u00fcretimde \u00f6nemli bir konum i\u015fgal etmekten al\u0131koyuyordu.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar ve Sosyalizm –\u00a0\u00c7ekirdek Aile: Kad\u0131nlara Uygulanan Bask\u0131n\u0131n K\u00f6keni | Sharon Smith<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tek e\u015fli aile, yani bildi\u011fimiz aile bi\u00e7imi, bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bi\u00e7imlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Modern aile sadece tek bir ama\u00e7la ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: m\u00fclkiyeti miras yoluyla bir ku\u015faktan di\u011ferine aktarmak. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunda evlili\u011fi idealize etmeye yarayan b\u00fct\u00fcn o romantik \u201cger\u00e7ek a\u015fk\u201d imgesi, evlili\u011fin temelde bir m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisi oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftiremez. Kendilerini bo\u015fanma davas\u0131nda bulan pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[176],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-kadin-a-dair"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c7ekirdek Aile: Kad\u0131nlara Uygulanan Bask\u0131n\u0131n K\u00f6keni | Sharon Smith - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/11\/26\/cekirdek-aile-kadinlara-uygulanan-baskinin-kokeni-sharon-smith\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00c7ekirdek Aile: Kad\u0131nlara Uygulanan Bask\u0131n\u0131n K\u00f6keni | Sharon Smith\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tek e\u015fli aile, yani bildi\u011fimiz aile bi\u00e7imi, bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bi\u00e7imlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Modern aile sadece tek bir ama\u00e7la ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: m\u00fclkiyeti miras yoluyla bir ku\u015faktan di\u011ferine aktarmak. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunda evlili\u011fi idealize etmeye yarayan b\u00fct\u00fcn o romantik \u201cger\u00e7ek a\u015fk\u201d imgesi, evlili\u011fin temelde bir m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisi oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftiremez. 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