{"id":7173,"date":"2018-12-11T17:25:12","date_gmt":"2018-12-11T14:25:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/"},"modified":"2025-04-20T21:58:22","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T18:58:22","slug":"korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Korku K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc | Frank Furedi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"G\u00fcvenlik 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n temel de\u011feri haline geldi. Bir zamanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme (ya da oldu\u011fu gibi koruma) tutkular\u0131n\u0131n yerini g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flama kayg\u0131s\u0131 ald\u0131. \u201cG\u00fcvenli\u201d etiketi insan\u0131n bir dizi faaliyetine yeni bir anlam kazand\u0131r\u0131yor g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde; ve bu faaliyet\u00adlere kat\u0131lan anlamlar\u0131 bizim otomatik olarak onaylamam\u0131z bekleni\u00adyor. \u201cG\u00fcvenli seks\u201d sadece \u201csa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131\u201d bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fanan seksi de\u011fil, hayata dair b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ifade ediyor. Dahas\u0131 g\u00fcvenli seks, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcvenlik meseleleri i\u00e7inde yaln\u0131zca en fazla g\u00fcndeme geleni.<\/p>\n

Ki\u015fisel g\u00fcvenlik b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir sekt\u00f6r haline geldi. ABD\u2019de orta\u00adya \u00e7\u0131kan ama h\u0131zla Atlantik\u2019i ge\u00e7erek \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye de yay\u0131lan yeni bir trendle beraber, her hafta bireye d\u00f6n\u00fck yeni bir risk ve buna uygun bir g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemi ke\u015ffediliyor. Ki\u015fisel g\u00fcvenli\u011fin her y\u00f6n\u00fcy\u00adle ilgili tavsiyeler sunmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan geni\u015f bir \u00f6rg\u00fct a\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f durumda ve \u00f6nemli siyasi partilerin \u00e7o\u011funun program\u0131nda bu konu\u00addaki kayg\u0131lar dile getiriliyor. En a\u00e7\u0131k ifadesini \u201cyard\u0131m hatt\u0131\u201d feno\u00admeninin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131nda bulan bu geli\u015fmenin toplumsal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat \u00fczerindeki ciddi etkisi ortada.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde b\u00fct\u00fcn kamusal ve \u00f6zel mekanlar g\u00fcvenlik perspek\u00adtifinden inceleniyor. Profesyonel sa\u011fl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, hastane g\u00fc\u00advenli\u011fi temel bir sorun haline geldi. Yeni do\u011fmu\u015f bebekleri ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u00adma tehlikesinden uzak tutma kayg\u0131s\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7in al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler g\u00fcvenlik tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. ABD\u2019de \u015fiddet uy\u00adgulayan bebek bak\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na dair korkular, \u201cbebek bak\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u201d mesle\u011finde m\u00fcthi\u015f bir patlamaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131. ABD\u2019li bir gizli g\u00f6zlem ekipman\u0131 \u00fcreticisi olan Quark International 1996 y\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131nda, \u201cbak\u0131c\u0131-kameras\u0131\u201d sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda patlama ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildiriyordu. Bun\u00adlar genelde oyuncak bebeklere yerle\u015ftirilen ve ana-babalar taraf\u0131n\u00addan \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 denetlemede kullan\u0131lan \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck video ka\u00admeralard\u0131. Amerikan bas\u0131n\u0131nda bak\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n istismarlar\u0131 konusunda \u00e7\u0131kan haberlerden sonra, bu cihazlar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019deki okullarda g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nemli bir konu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde rutin hale gelen kameralar, manyetik kartlar ve di\u011fer \u00f6nlemlerden olu\u015fan geni\u015f bir yelpaze sayesinde okullar birer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fcvenlikli hapishaneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Arabas\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framaktan korkan ka\u00add\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in araba telefonlar\u0131 pazarlan\u0131yor ve elektronik end\u00fcstrisi kapal\u0131 devre televizyonun evlere girmesinin an meselesi oldu\u011funu iddia ediyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, ekonomik hayat da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a riskin \u00f6nlenmesine y\u00f6\u00adnelmi\u015f durumda. Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k harcamalar\u0131ndaki inan\u0131l\u00admaz art\u0131\u015f genelde yeni t\u0131bbi bulu\u015flar\u0131n y\u00fcksek maliyetinin bir sonu\u00adcu olarak a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131; oysa sa\u011fl\u0131k end\u00fcstrisini ABD\u2019deki en k\u00e2rl\u0131 sek\u00adt\u00f6rlerden biri haline getiren yeni t\u0131bbi teknolojiler de\u011fil riskleri mi\u00adnimuma indirme kayg\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Alternatif ila\u00e7 ve tedavi pazar\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fcme, talebin sadece ileri teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine d\u00f6n\u00fck olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Risk \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcn ve hizmetler iyi i\u015f yap\u0131yor. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de i\u00e7ecek pazar\u0131nda en h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen sekt\u00f6r \u015fi\u015felenmi\u015f sudur. Musluktan su i\u00e7menin riskli oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle \u015fi\u015fe suyu sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 1990\u2019dan 1995\u2019e iki kat artt\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rde ki\u015fisel g\u00fcvenlik end\u00fcstrisi. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda h\u0131rs\u0131z alarm\u0131, yang\u0131n alarm\u0131, araba alarm\u0131 ve ki\u015fisel alarmlara talep ciddi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, ekonomide durgunluk ya\u015fanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerine duyulan talep sayesinde bu end\u00fcstri y\u0131lda y\u00fczde 10 b\u00fcy\u00fcme ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Gazete ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na ki\u015fisel g\u00fcven\u00adli\u011fe y\u00f6nelik yeni bir tehdit \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz yeni risk \u00f6nleme ve korun\u00adma y\u00f6ntemlerine g\u00f6sterilen talep daha da art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Risk kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok yararlanan sekt\u00f6r ku\u015fkusuz sigortac\u0131l\u0131k oldu. Finansal hizmetler sunan Allied Dunbar\u2019\u0131n reklam slogan\u0131 \u201cHayat\u0131n hen\u00fcz bilmedi\u011finiz y\u00f6nlerine kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131”, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ruh halini \u00e7ok iyi yans\u0131t\u0131yor. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de hane ba\u00ad\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ll\u0131k sigorta harcamas\u0131 son on y\u0131lda iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1980\u2019lerden beri \u00f6zellikle ciddi hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sigorta\u00adlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131. Laing & Buisson sa\u011fl\u0131k dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 firmas\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1983 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri \u00f6zel sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131ran in\u00adsanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fczde 50 artt\u0131. Amerikal\u0131 ve Britanyal\u0131 t\u00fcketiciler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funa g\u00f6re \u00f6zel sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131ranlar\u0131n harcama kalemleri aras\u0131nda g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131s\u0131 ciddi bir tutar te\u015fkil ediyor.<\/p>\n

Risk \u00f6nleme, politik tart\u0131\u015fmalar ve toplumsal eylemler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u00addan da \u00f6nemli bir konu haline geldi. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131 kampan\u00adyalar\u0131nda riski minimuma indirme amac\u0131n\u0131 savunuyor. Bu y\u00f6neli\u015f sendikalarda da hakim. \u0130\u015f veya \u00fccret konusunda art\u0131k nadiren ey\u00adlem \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen sendikalar\u0131n as\u0131l hedefi i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rmak ve \u00fcyelerini taciz ve sald\u0131r\u0131lardan korumak \u00fczere y\u00f6netimle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek haline geldi. Eskiden siyasi konularla yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde ilgili olan \u00f6\u011frenci aktivizmi de yerini g\u00fcvenlik konulu kampanyalara terk et\u00adli. \u00d6\u011frenci birliklerinin tecav\u00fcze kar\u015f\u0131 alarm sistemleri kurmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli i\u00e7ki i\u00e7me konusunda tavsiyeler vermesiyle birlikte \u00f6\u011fren\u00adciler kamp\u00fcste d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcvenlik konusunda bilgilendirilme\u00adye ba\u015flad\u0131. Kitab\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada National Union of Students (Ulusal \u00d6\u011frenci Birli\u011fi) \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki olaylar\u0131 takip etmek i\u00e7in internette bir su\u00e7 ihbar sayfas\u0131 kurma fikrini de\u011ferlendiriyordu. Uyu\u015fturucu kullan\u0131m\u0131 bile g\u00fcvenlik konusuyla ili\u015fkilendiriliyor. Bir\u00e7ok insan Ecstacy\u2019i tercih etmesine gerek\u00e7e olarak bunun ken\u00addisini daha g\u00fcvende hissetmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvenlik g\u00fcndemi kesinlikle ki\u015fisel g\u00fcvenlikle ilgili risklerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. Ger\u00e7ekten b\u00fcy\u00fck olan tehlikelerin yan\u0131nda ki\u015fisel g\u00fc\u00advenlikle ilgili riskler hi\u00e7 kal\u0131yor. \u00c7evresel tehlikelerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 riskler medya kanal\u0131yla s\u00fcrekli olarak bize hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmakta. \u0130nsan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da tehlikede oldu\u011funun s\u00f6ylenmesiyle, hayat\u0131n kendisi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcvenlik meselesi haline geldi. Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdaki risk yelpazesi neredeyse g\u00fcn be g\u00fcn geni\u015fliyor. Bir g\u00fcn, trombosise yol a\u00e7an gebelik \u00f6nleyici haplar\u0131n, ertesi g\u00fcn et yiyen s\u00fcper vir\u00fcslerin tehdidi alt\u0131nda oluyoruz. Bu arada, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u0131daya dahi g\u00fcvene\u00admiyoruz. En son olarak biftek ve yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilan edildi. Musluklar\u0131m\u0131zdan akan suyu da i\u00e7emez olduk. Potansi\u00adyel tehlikeler k\u00fcmesinin dur durak bilmez bi\u00e7imde geni\u015flemesinin sonucu olarak g\u00fcvenlik giderek kal\u0131c\u0131 bir kayg\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvenlik tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n rutin ve banal hale gelmesinden sonra, in\u00adsan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir alan\u0131 bunun etkisinden muaf kalamaz. Bug\u00fcne kadar sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve e\u011flenceli olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen faaliyetlerin (g\u00fc\u00adne\u015flenmek gibi) sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli riskler bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00f6\u011f\u00adrendik. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00f6zellikle riskli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan faaliyetler dahi tekrar g\u00fcvenlik perspektifinden de\u011ferlendiriliyor. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla gen\u00e7ler ve risk konusunu inceleyen bir yaz\u0131 da\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda yeni g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerinin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 olumlu buluyor:<\/p>\n

Hi\u00e7 kimse gen\u00e7leri risk almaktan al\u0131koyamaz. Ancak bu t\u00fcr risklerin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Son y\u0131llarda kaya t\u0131rman\u0131\u015f\u0131 yapanlar daha iyi ipler, sa\u011flam botlar, kasklar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ekipmanlar sayesinde riski \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n

Bizi kendimizden korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve y\u00fcksek bir g\u00fcvenlik bilinci\u00adne sahip olan bu uzman, da\u011fc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fan gen\u00e7lerin riskin \u00fcrperticili\u011finden vazge\u00e7mek istemeyece\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini hi\u00e7 hesaba katm\u0131\u00adyor.<\/p>\n

Her \u015feyin g\u00fcvenlik perspektifinden de\u011ferlendirilmesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunun belirleyici niteliklerinden biridir. G\u00fcvenli\u011fi mutlakla\u015f\u00admal\u0131 ve riski toptan k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00f6ren toplum, ya\u015fama dair bir de\u011fer yar\u00adg\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuyor demektir. Da\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k bir kere riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nma ile ili\u015fkilendirildikten sonra bu sporun tamamen yasaklanmas\u0131 an me\u00adselesidir. Da\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k yaparken kaza ge\u00e7irenlerin \u201cbuna kendilerinin sebep oldu\u011fu\u201d s\u00f6ylenecektir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlerine uy\u00admayarak yeni ahl\u00e2k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7e saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

R\u0130SK B\u0130L\u0130NC\u0130<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi risk b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sekt\u00f6r haline geldi g\u00fcn\u00fc\u00adm\u00fczde. Binlerce dan\u0131\u015fman \u201crisk analizi\u201d, \u201crisk y\u00f6netimi\u201d ve \u201crisk ileti\u015fimi\u201d konular\u0131nda tavsiyeler veriyor. Medyan\u0131n da konuya ilgi\u00adsi giderek artm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor; gazete s\u00fctunlar\u0131nda \u201crisk toplumu\u201d ve \u201crisk alg\u0131lamas\u0131\u201d gibi terimler s\u00fcrekli ge\u00e7er oldu. Asl\u0131nda, bizi ye\u00adni tehlikelere kar\u015f\u0131 uyarmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte uzman olan ki\u00ad\u015filerin say\u0131s\u0131 o kadar \u00e7ok ki bunlar\u0131n tavsiyeleri birbirleriyle \u00e7eli\u015f\u00admekte ve neyin g\u00fcvenli neyin riskli oldu\u011fu konusunda tam bir ka\u00adfa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekte. Ara s\u0131ra alman bir kadeh \u015farap sa\u011f\u00adl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yararl\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa zararl\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? Erkeklerin kalp krizini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in g\u00fcnde bir aspirin almalar\u0131 do\u011fru mudur, yoksa kanl\u0131 \u00fclser ve di\u011fer yan etkiler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bundan uzak durmak m\u0131 gere\u00adkir? Kad\u0131nlara bir yandan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in diyet ve egzersiz yap\u00admalar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenirken di\u011fer yandan da bunun ilerki ya\u015flarda osteoporoz riskini art\u0131rabilece\u011fi belirtiliyor. Bir y\u00fcksek gerilim hatt\u0131n\u0131n ya\u00adn\u0131nda ya\u015faman\u0131n kanser riskini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klanma\u00ads\u0131ndan sadece birka\u00e7 hafta sonra yay\u0131mlanan \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bu uyar\u0131y\u0131 yalanlayabiliyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvenli\u011fimize y\u00f6nelik \u00e7e\u015fitli tehditlerin yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve niteli\u011fi ile ilgili farkl\u0131 yorumlar olsa da hepimizin \u015f\u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle bir risk alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fumuz konusunda kesinlikle herkes hemfikir. Risk al\u00adt\u0131nda bulunmak adeta, herhangi bir spesifik sorundan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, ka\u00adl\u0131c\u0131 bir durum olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u0130nsano\u011flunun etraf\u0131 risklerle sar\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu riskler adeta ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde var olmakta\u00add\u0131r. Okulda veya i\u015fyerinde risk alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011fumuzdan kesin ifa\u00addelerle bahsedebilmemizin sebebi budur. Riski \u00f6zerk ve her yerde haz\u0131r ve naz\u0131r bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline getirerek, her t\u00fcr insan deneyimini bir g\u00fcvenlik meselesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz.
\n\u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00f6nde gelen g\u00fcvenlik uzmanlar\u0131ndan Diana Lamplaugh taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan tipik bir bro\u015f\u00fcr, okuyucuya her durumda mevcut riskleri de\u011ferlendirmesi konusunda tavsiye veriyor. \u00d6rne\u00ad\u011fin, bro\u015f\u00fcr toplu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131ktan yararlananlar\u0131 tetikte olmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131\u00adr\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131ll\u0131 yolcu, toplu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k bir ortam oldu\u011funu asla akl\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karmaz, istasyonlarda giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f serbesttir. Kimse d\u0131\u015f\u00adlanmadan herkes yolcu olarak kabul edilir. Dahas\u0131, yolculuk halindey\u00adken genelde rahat\u00e7a hareket edemeyiz ve tehlikelerden ka\u00e7\u0131namay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Burada \u201ckamuya a\u00e7\u0131k\u201d ifadesi riskli olma ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f; ta\u00adn\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z insanlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sorun olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f. \u0130\u015fe gidip gelme gibi rutin bir deneyim bile g\u00fcvenlikle ilgili korkularla ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011finde, risk alt\u0131nda olmak, insan\u0131n durumunu belirleyen te\u00admel etken haline gelir.<\/p>\n

Art\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcn iyi kitabevleri risk ve risk alg\u0131lamas\u0131 analizlerini konu alan ciltlerle dolu. Risk literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc etkileyen varsay\u0131mlardan biri, bug\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015fe g\u00f6re daha fazla riskle y\u00fcz y\u00fcze oldu\u011fumuz inanc\u0131. Bilim ve teknolojinin geli\u015fiminin, potansiyel felaketler ba\u00adr\u0131nd\u0131ran yeni riskler yaratacak bi\u00e7imde \u00e7evreye zarar verdi\u011fi varsa\u00ady\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu tezin daha kaba versiyonlar\u0131na g\u00f6re kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdaki sorun\u00adlar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ve insano\u011flunun soyunun t\u00fckenmesi fazla uzak de\u011fildir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Sonu: \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yokolu\u015fu Sorununun Bilim\u00adsel ve Etik Boyutlar\u0131 gibi i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 olan kitaplar kitapevlerinde ve \u00e7ok satanlar listelerinde belirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 bile.<\/p>\n

Ciddi yorumcular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, insanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte eskisine g\u00f6re da\u00adha uzun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve eski d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve rahat ol\u00addu\u011funu kabul ediyor. Ancak bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi bu iyile\u015fmeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131\u00adlan toplumsal, ekonomik ve bilimsel ilerlemelerin sadece daha b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck ve yeni sorunlar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor. Konusunda s\u00f6z sahi\u00adhi olan yazar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler teknolojik tehditlerin riske s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir nitelik kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. \u0130ddialar\u0131na g\u00f6re bilimsel geli\u015f\u00admelerden kaynaklanan tehlikeleri hesaplamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. G\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki olaylar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 ritmi ve bug\u00fcn etkili olan k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7ler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden insan eylemlerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 her zamankinden daha yay\u00adg\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez durumda. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sorun bilememek de\u011fil. So\u00adnucun bilinmesi zaten imkans\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu perspektiften bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yeni teknolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin \u00e7evre\u00adye g\u00f6r\u00fclmez zararlar verdi\u011finden ne zaman \u015f\u00fcphe duyulsa, uzman ve akademisyenlerin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131n tehlikelerine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcksek bir risk bilinci geli\u015ftirmenin rasyonel bir tepki oldu\u011funda \u0131srar etmesi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Riski ele alan bir\u00e7ok sosyolojik incelemede de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00addeki geni\u015f g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temelinde teknolojinin ve bilimin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilerinin fark\u0131nda olman\u0131n yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. \u00c7ernobil n\u00fckleer kazas\u0131 gibi felaketlerin veya son y\u0131llardaki petrol tankeri s\u0131\u00adz\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131m\u0131zdaki tehlikeler konusunda toplumu uyard\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor. Bir\u00e7ok risk teorisyeni toplumdaki risk kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n art\u00admas\u0131n\u0131 kirlilik ve \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131yla ilgili yeni ve ki\u015fisel bir duyar\u00adl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahip olan sorumlu bir yurtta\u015f kesiminin bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Bir\u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fma yaratan Risk Society (Risk Toplumu) kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131 Ulrich Beck\u2019e g\u00f6re \u201cart\u0131k do\u011fan\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi ve yok edilmesi s\u00fcreci ki\u015fisel deneyimin uza\u011f\u0131ndaki kim\u00adyasal, fiziksel veya biyolojik tepkime zincirlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemekte; aksine, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 g\u00f6z, kulak ve burunlar\u0131m\u0131za do\u011frudan etki yapmaktad\u0131r\u201d. Teknoloji ve bilimin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikeler konusunda son derece dar bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na sahip bir yorumdur bu. Ger\u00e7ekte, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunun risk konusundaki alg\u0131lay\u0131\u015f ve kay\u00adg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir olay ya da teknolojiye verilen bir tepki olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu kayg\u0131lar\u0131n, tehlikenin ger\u00e7ek bo\u00adyutu ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu ile de pek ilgisi yoktur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yetersiz bes\u00adlenmeden \u00f6len insan say\u0131s\u0131, \u015fu s\u0131ralar s\u0131k s\u0131k kamuoyu g\u00fcndemine gelen g\u0131dalardaki toksik maddelerden \u00f6len insan say\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00e7ok daha fazlad\u0131r. Bizi \u00f6ld\u00fcren risklerin, bizi pani\u011fe sokan ve kor\u00adkutan risklerle ayn\u0131 \u015feyler oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Tarih boyunca bir\u00ad\u00e7ok afet ve felaket ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak bu olaylara verilen tepki o d\u00f6nemde toplumun i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ruh haline g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Felaketin tan\u0131m\u0131 zamanla de\u011fi\u015fir. Amerikan medyas\u0131ndaki risk ha\u00adberleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, n\u00fckleer enerjiyle ilgili 1960 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131ndaki haberlerin \u00e7o\u011funun \u201cbu enerjinin nelere mal olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil yararlar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; 1984\u2019e gelindi\u011finde ise bu oranlar\u0131n ter\u00adsine d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d ortaya koyuyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ayr\u0131ca k\u00fcrtaj haberleri\u00adnin \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki dramatik de\u011fi\u015fime de i\u015faret ediyor; 1960\u2019da ya\u00adsad\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcrtajlar\u0131n kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 riskler vurgulan\u0131rken, 1984\u2019te yasal k\u00fcrtajlar\u0131n cenin i\u00e7in yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikelere yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131\u00adl\u0131yordu. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi medyan\u0131n ve di\u011fer kurumlar\u0131n neyin risk oldu\u011funu se\u00e7ici bir bi\u00e7imde belirlemesi, risk bilincinin gerisinde bir toplumsal dinamik bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Risk bilincinin dar teknik yorumu tehlike alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimini irdeleyemez. B\u00f6ylesi bir yorum, insan\u0131n daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 hale geldik\u00ad\u00e7e sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda daha saplant\u0131l\u0131 hale gelmesi paradoksunu a\u00e7\u0131klayamaz. 1967 ve 1991 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere, \u0130skandinavya ve ABD\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kan t\u0131bbi dergilerle ilgili \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u201crisk\u201d te\u00adriminin kullan\u0131m\u0131nda devasa bir art\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. S\u00f6zkonusu d\u00f6nemin ilk be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201crisk\u201d konulu yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ma\u00adkalelerin say\u0131s\u0131 1000 iken, son be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7in bu say\u0131 80.000\u2019in \u00fczerin\u00addedir. Sa\u011fl\u0131k risklerine ilgideki bu \u00f6nemli art\u0131\u015f, tepkinin kendisinin tepkinin nesnesinden daha \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor olabilir.<\/p>\n

1967 oca\u011f\u0131ndaki ilk Apollo uzay meki\u011finin ve 19 y\u0131l sonra da Challenger meki\u011finin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na kamuoyunda verilen farkl\u0131 tepkiler bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6\u011freticidir. Apollo alev al\u0131p \u00fc\u00e7 astronot \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Amerikan kamuoyu \u015fok ge\u00e7irerek deh\u015fete kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak olayla ilgili yayg\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc ve kayg\u0131lara ra\u011fmen, prestijli ay proje\u00adsinin gelece\u011fi ciddi bir tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun aksi\u00adne Challenger r\u2019in par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na verilen tepki sa\u011fduyunun yok ol\u00addu\u011fu topyek\u00fbn bir pani\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7o\u011fu insan bu trajediyi tekno\u00adlojinin kontrolden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. ABD uzay kuru\u00admu NASA\u2019n\u0131n kendisi de ciddi bir travma ge\u00e7irdi ve \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca uzaya yeni bir mekik g\u00f6nderilemedi.<\/p>\n

Bu iki benzer trajedi, iki \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 tepki yaratt\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc herhan\u00adgi bir olaya toplumun verdi\u011fi tepki zaman ve mekana \u00f6zg\u00fc ko\u015ful\u00adlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr tepkilerin felaketin kendisinden \u00e7ok, toplumda o an var olan daha derin bir bilin\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan \u015fekillendirilmesi ihti\u00admal dahilindedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcketti\u011fimiz g\u0131dalarla ilgili olarak da benzer bir durum s\u00f6z konusudur. Toplumun risk fakt\u00f6rleriyle ilgili kayg\u0131lar\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 felaketler gibi, yemek yeme konusuna da \u00f6nemli bir etki yapt\u0131. Yemek yeme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimi, risk tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n hale geldi\u011fini g\u00f6s\u00adteriyor. \u0130ngilizlerin bir Gallup ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda verdikle\u00adri yan\u0131tlarla bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m:<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 insanlar her istedi\u011fini yiyebilmektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131ysa yediklerine dikkat etmelidir. Siz her istedi\u011finizi yiyebiliyor musunuz, yoksa dikkat etmek durumunda m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z?<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Nisan 1996\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Nisan 1947
\n\u0130stedi\u011fimi yerim\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a058\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a080
\nDikkat ederim\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 41\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a020<\/p>\n

Yediklerine dikkat eden insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 insanla\u00adr\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki ciddi bir de\u011fi\u015fimi yans\u0131t\u0131yor. Ya\u015fam\u0131n di\u00ad\u011fer y\u00f6nleriyle ilgili incelemeler de daha ihtiyatl\u0131, daha tedbirli yak\u00adla\u015f\u0131mlara do\u011fru benzer bir kayma oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor \u201cG\u00fcvenlik ve ihtiyat dini\u201dnin m\u00fcritleri, risk kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bilim ve teknoloji bilgimizin bir yan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu iddia eder s\u0131k s\u0131k. Oy\u00adsa olaylar\u0131 tarihsel ba\u011flama oturtan bir perspektif, g\u00fcvenlik ve risk kayg\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fanan art\u0131\u015fla teknoloji ve bilimdeki iler\u00adleme aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. Kald\u0131 ki, kayg\u0131 ve korku yaratan tek etken teknolojik ve bilimsel geli\u015fme so\u00adnu\u00e7lar\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00c7evre ve teknoloji konulu korkular risk bilincinin b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bi\u00e7imlerden yaln\u0131zca biridir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde insan faaliyetinin t\u00fcm alanlar\u0131na, yo\u011fun bir riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nma duygusu hakim. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte olsa talihsizlik diye ge\u00e7i\u015ftirile\u00adcek olan k\u00f6t\u00fc olaylar art\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck bir felaketin habercisi olarak yo\u00adrumlan\u0131yor. Tayland\u2019da 1996 oca\u011f\u0131nda gen\u00e7 bir \u0130ngiliz kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00add\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u201cg\u00fcvenli yolculuk\u201d konusunda bir \u00f6\u011f\u00fct patlamas\u0131 yarat\u00adt\u0131. Nadir g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir ki\u015fisel trajedi b\u00f6ylece b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130ngiliz turistleri il\u00adgilendiren bir riske d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Daily Telegraph’daki bir tavsiye yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cSak\u0131n \u2018milyonda bir ihtimal\u2019in size d\u00fc\u015fmesine izin vermeyin\u201ddi. Milyonda bir ihtimal i\u00e7in niye kayg\u0131lanal\u0131m, \u015feklindeki bariz soru elbette sorulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun yerine tatil yap\u00admak bir g\u00fcvenlik meselesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.
\n\u201cG\u00fcvenli yolculuk\u201d konusunun g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yeni veya teknoloji kaynakl\u0131 risklerle pek ilgi\u00adsi yoktur. Risk duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fe olan talebin \u00e7ev\u00adre ve daha genel konulara olan ilgisi, ki\u015fisel ve bireysel deneyim\u00adlerle olan ilgisi kadar nettir. Pratikte toplum bunu kabul etmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201crisk alt\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklar\u201d ya da \u201crisk alt\u0131ndaki kad\u0131nlar\u201da dikkat \u00e7ekilirken de\u011finilen tehlike teknoloji ya da bilim de\u011fildir. Risk bilinci, teknolojinin uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok edece\u011fi korkusundan \u00e7ok, g\u00fcndelik hayatla ilgili gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u00dcVENL\u0130\u011e\u0130N Y\u00dcCELT\u0130LMES\u0130<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvenli\u011fin y\u00fcceltilmesini nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz? G\u00fcvenli olmayan bir d\u00f6nemden ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz ve sonu\u00e7 olarak insanlar\u0131n daha kayg\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve risk almaktan korkma e\u011filimlerinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel olarak kabul ediliyor. Mary Douglas ve Aaron Wildavsky ilgin\u00e7 bir yaz\u0131\u00adlar\u0131nda, modern toplumlar\u0131n risklerin daha fark\u0131nda olu\u015funu, karar\u00adlar\u0131\u0131n giderek daha belirsiz bir ortamda al\u0131nmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yor. Bu yak\u00adla\u015f\u0131m, riski, ger\u00e7ek tehlikelerdeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak de\u011fil toplumda hakim olan bilince ba\u011fl\u0131 bir toplumsal yap\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131k\u00adlama avantaj\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. Peki, g\u00fcvensizlik ve risk bilinci aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 nedir?
\nG\u00fcvensizlik, analitik de\u011fil tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 bir kategori olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda zararl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu anlamda g\u00fcvensizlik mutlak bi\u00e7im\u00adde riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya ya da bilim ve teknoloji korkusuna yol a\u00e7maz. Baz\u0131 durumlarda g\u00fcvensizlik hisseden toplumlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bilim ve teknolojiye ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 gayet m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunun aksine g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, g\u00fcvensizlik g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve muhafazakar bir ihtiyat duygusuyla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nlem alma ilkesinin etkisindeki art\u0131\u015f bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7evre y\u00f6netimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015f olan \u00f6nlem alma ilkesi giderek toplumsal deneyimin di\u011fer alanlar\u0131na da yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7ti\u011fimiz suyu incelemekten tutun, bir g\u0131da konservesi\u00adnin \u00fczerindeki etiketi dikkatle kontrol etmeye kadar, ihtiyat ilkesi\u00adne uymu\u015f oluruz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nlem alma ilkesi bizim sadece riskler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kayg\u0131 i\u00e7inde olmakla kalmay\u0131p, kendi durumumuza bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulma konusun\u00adda \u015f\u00fcpheli oldu\u011fumuzu g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6nlem alma ilkesine g\u00f6re, sonucu \u00f6nceden bilinmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece yeni bir riske girmemek en do\u011frusudur. \u00c7evre y\u00f6netimi alan\u0131nda sa\u011flam bir uygulama olarak kabul g\u00f6ren bu ilke uyar\u0131nca, ispat sorumlulu\u011fu de\u011fi\u015fimi \u00f6neren tarafa aittir. De\u011fi\u015fimin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceden tam olarak bilinmesi asla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu ilkenin tam olarak uygulanmas\u0131 her t\u00fcr bilimsel ya da toplumsal deneyimin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesecektir. \u00d6nlem alma ilkesi, ihtiyat\u0131 kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rarak bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama doktrini dayat\u0131r. G\u00fcvenlik sa\u011flar ama bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 beklentilerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin s\u0131\u00adn\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve deney ve de\u011fi\u015fimin engellenmesidir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nlem alma ilkesi genelde \u00e7evre y\u00f6netimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sa\u011fl\u0131k, cinsellik, ki\u015fisel g\u00fcvenlik ve \u00fcreme teknolo\u00adjisi gibi ba\u015fka alanlarda da hayata y\u00f6n g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130\u00e7inde bu\u00adlundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nemin \u00f6zellikle \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 olan y\u00f6n\u00fc g\u00fcvensiz olu\u015fu de\u011fil, bu durumun olduk\u00e7a muhafazakar bir bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak risk konusunda yorum yapanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcvenlik tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ve muhafazakarl\u0131k d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kuramamaktad\u0131r. As\u00adl\u0131nda \u00f6nlem alma ilkesini destekleyenlerin ya da farkl\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik kampanyalar\u0131n\u0131 savunanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kendilerini muhafazakar de\u011fil sistemi ele\u015ftiren ki\u015filer olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak politik yelpazenin tamam\u0131nda, ihtiyatl\u0131 olma hali ve g\u00fcvenlik do\u011fal olarak ya da kendili\u011finden olumlu de\u011ferler olarak ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvenli\u011fin y\u00fcceltilmesi ayn\u0131 zamanda insan\u0131n potansiyeliyle il\u00adgili son derece karamsar bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6nlem alma ilkesinde \u0131srar edenler bunu insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi yeniliklerinin sonu\u00e7\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden g\u00f6remedi\u011fi iddias\u0131yla temellendirmektedir. Risk toplumu teorisyenlerinden \u00e7o\u011fu insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bilgisinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sa\u011fla\u00admaktan \u00e7ok sorun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktad\u0131r. Beck\u2019e g\u00f6re \u201ctehlike\u00adnin kayna\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k cehalet de\u011fil bilgidir\u201d. Bilginin tehlikeyle e\u015fitlen\u00admesi insano\u011flunun kendi davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etme ye\u00adtene\u011finin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmekte, Frankenstein modeli bilgi ve bilim iddialar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda yatan deh\u015feti ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, insan sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc olarak de\u011fil biz\u00adzat sorunun kendisi haline gelir.<\/p>\n

Risk saplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n nihai sonucu insan\u0131n \u00e7aresiz bir varl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve insan\u0131n ilerleme potansiyelinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmesidir. So\u00adnu\u00e7ta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan insan olduk\u00e7a garip bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar, hatal\u0131 bir karar\u0131n sonucu ya da ders al\u0131nacak birer deneyim olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmez, g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famla ba\u015f edemeyen bir ya\u00adrat\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal durumu olarak kabul edilir. \u0130nsan\u0131n ya\u015famla ba\u015f edemeyece\u011fi \u015feklindeki bu varsay\u0131m risk yelpazesini daha da geni\u015fle\u00adtir. \u00d6nlem ilkesinin bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fcmser insan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bireyi \u00e7a\u00adresiz ya da hasta olarak resmeder.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, insan\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlamland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, in\u00adsanlar\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi iddia edilen \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u0131bbi veya psikolojik bozukluk\u00adlara ya da sendromlara ba\u015fvuruluyor. Yeni risklerin icat edilmesiy\u00adle, yeni bozukluklar\u0131n \u201cke\u015ffi\u201d aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki var. \u201cRisk alt\u0131nda\u201d oldu\u011fu ilan edilen insanlar\u0131n yeni bir t\u0131bbi ya da psi\u00adkolojik rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n pen\u00e7esinde oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zkonusu bozukluklar meselesi \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 etkiledi. \u00d6zel yard\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu ya da belirli bir bozukluktan muzdarip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla art\u0131yor. New York\u2019taki devlet okullar\u0131nda, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak her sekiz \u00f6\u011frenciden biri \u201cen\u00adgelli\u201d olarak nitelenmi\u015ftir. Hiperaktivite, dikkat eksikli\u011finden kay\u00adnaklanan hiperaktivite, travma sonras\u0131 stres bozuklu\u011fu veya okuma bozuklu\u011fu tan\u0131s\u0131 konan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 giderek art\u0131yor. Zay\u0131f not\u00adlar\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc bir e\u011fitim sisteminden de\u011fil de bir \u201cakademik ba\u015far\u0131 bozuklu\u011fu\u201dndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 da an meselesi!<\/p>\n

Yeti\u015fkinler de bu s\u00fcrecin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalam\u0131yor. Baz\u0131 tahminlere g\u00f6\u00adre, Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 20\u2019si tan\u0131 koyulabilen bir hastal\u0131ktan ma\u011f\u00addur. Se\u00e7ilen kritere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, obezite sorunu ya da \u201cyemek ye\u00adme bozuklu\u011fu\u201d ya\u015fayan Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 50\u2019ye var\u0131yor. \u0130li\u015fkilerinde sorun ya\u015fayan ki\u015filerin uyum bozuklu\u011fu \u00e7ekti\u011fi belir\u00adtiliyor. \u201cM\u00fckemmeliyet\u00e7ilik ve inat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u201d davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterenlere ise \u201cobsesif-kompulsif bozukluk\u201d tan\u0131s\u0131 koyuluyor. Utanga\u00e7 ki\u015filer ise sosyal fobi ma\u011fduru.
\nBunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yeni ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar da var. American Associati- on on Sexual Addiction Problems (Amerika Cinsel Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k So\u00adrunlar\u0131 Merkezi) tahminlerine g\u00f6re, Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 10 ila 15\u2019i seks ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131. Baz\u0131 yazarlara g\u00f6re, \u201cg\u0131da ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 en az al\u00adkol ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar ciddi bir mesele\u201d Yeni ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n ke\u015ffe\u00addilmesi olgusu sadece ABD\u2019yle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil. \u0130ngiliz akademisyen\u00adler de kervana kat\u0131l\u0131p bug\u00fcne kadar bilinmeyen \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131kla\u00adr\u0131n tehlikelerine dikkat \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir akademisyen, Economic and Social Research Council (Ekonomik ve Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma\u00adlar Konseyi) taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan destekle al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ol\u00adgusunu inceliyor; Plymouth \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde g\u00f6revli iki akademis\u00adyen ise bilgisayar oyunu tak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 olan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u201calkol ve sigara tiryakilerinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 hazz\u0131 duydu\u011fu\u201dnu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k be\u00adlirtileri g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini belirtiyor.<\/p>\n

Yeni bozukluklar\u0131n, belirtilerin ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n icad\u0131yla birlikte, giderek artan say\u0131da toplumsal sorun t\u0131bbile\u015fiyor, yani insa\u00adn\u0131n hi\u00e7bir etki edemeyece\u011fi t\u0131bbi sorunlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu e\u011fi\u00adlim, insano\u011flunun say\u0131s\u0131z eksikleri oldu\u011funu ve insan potansiyeli\u00adnin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyor. \u0130nsan\u0131n ya\u015famla ba\u015f edemedi\u011fine inan\u0131\u00adl\u0131yor. \u00c7e\u015fitli travma ve bozukluklar ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bu kadar y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, zavall\u0131 insano\u011flunun g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam\u0131n risk\u00adlerine kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda tutulup korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi inanc\u0131n\u0131 daha da peki\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n

Belirsizlikler i\u00e7indeki toplumumuz, giderek en zay\u0131f \u00fcyelerinin standartlar\u0131n\u0131 benimsemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu s\u00fcrecin sonucunda da kur\u00adban ya da ma\u011fdur k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015ftu. Herkes risk alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funa g\u00f6\u00adre, herkes kurband\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde insanlar bu ma\u011fduriyetle ba\u015f ede\u00adbilmek i\u00e7in profesyonel rehberlik hizmeti al\u0131yor. Bu tedavinin tek sonucu ise ki\u015finin ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki tehlikelerin \u201cfark\u0131na varmas\u0131\u201d ve risk bilincinin iyice peki\u015fmesi oluyor. Kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kontrol et\u00adme \u00e7abas\u0131 olumsuzlan\u0131yor. ABD\u2019de kendi \u201cbozukluk\u201dunu a\u015fmaya ve ya\u015fam\u0131na devam etmeye kalk\u0131\u015fan insanlara \u201cm\u00fckemmeliyet kompleksi\u201d tan\u0131s\u0131 koyuluyor.” G\u00fcvenli bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in har\u00adcanan \u00e7abalar ise son derece me\u015fru g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ARES\u0130Z \u0130NSANO\u011eLU<\/p>\n

S\u00fcrekli risk uyar\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde g\u00fcvenli\u011fin y\u00fcceltilmesi, insan d\u00fc\u015f\u00adman\u0131 bir entelekt\u00fcel ve ideolojik atmosfer yarat\u0131r. Toplum ve birey\u00adler, azimlerine ket vurmaya ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131r getirmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u00adr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama talebi, bilim, e\u011fitim, ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131 vb. fark\u00adl\u0131 konulardaki tart\u0131\u015fmalarda dile getiriliyor. Beklentilerin bu \u015fekil\u00adde azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de, bilimin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 boyutu abar\u00adt\u0131l\u0131yor ya da insanlar hayatla ba\u015f edemeyen zavall\u0131 varl\u0131klar olarak resmediliyor.
\nG\u00fcvenli\u011fin kutsanmas\u0131 ve risk alman\u0131n lanetlenmesinin gele\u00adcekte \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olabilir. E\u011fer yenilik ve deneyler engellenirse, toplum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlarla u\u011fra\u015fmaktan aciz oldu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015f olur. Bizi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 riskten koruma ad\u0131na deney yapman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 asl\u0131nda insan\u0131n potansiyelinin hor g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

Buradaki paradoks, g\u00fcvenlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n er ya da ge\u00e7 geri tepecek olmas\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten de g\u00fcvenlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer insan faaliyetlerin\u00adden daha az riskli de\u011fil. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Peru\u2019nun ba\u015fkenti Lima\u2019daki su uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n klorun risk ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle \u015fehirdeki su kuyular\u0131n\u0131 klorlamaktan vazge\u00e7mesi \u00fczerine G\u00fcney ve Orta Amerika\u2019da ba\u015f g\u00f6steren kolera salg\u0131n\u0131nda 6000 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc ve 700.000 ki\u015fi hastaland\u0131. Tarih boyunca her zaman g\u00fcvenli\u011fin as\u0131l kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli yenilikler ve deneyler olmu\u015ftur. \u0130nsan deney yaparak toplumsal ve do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7lere dair kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131k\u00e7a ya\u015fam daha g\u00fcvenli bir hale gelmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcvenli\u011fi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in onu daha fazla istemek yet\u00admez. Riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini art\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fi, so\u00adnu\u00e7ta yaln\u0131zca saplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k olur. Oysa, toplumlara ge\u00e7mi\u015ftekinden daha fazla g\u00fcvenlik getiren \u015fey, sosyal ve bilimsel yenilikler sayesinde insan\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn artma\u00ads\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, risk alma korkusu kahraman\u0131 de\u011fil kurban\u0131 alk\u0131\u015f\u00adlayan bir toplum yaratt\u0131. Herkesten, adeta bir televizyon program\u0131n\u00addaki bir yar\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 gibi, en garip ve s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 insan oldu\u011funu ve uz\u00adman yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 en fazla hak eden ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu ispatlamas\u0131 isteni\u00adyor. Aktif olman\u0131n de\u011fil pasif olman\u0131n, cesaretin de\u011fil g\u00fcvenli\u011fin en \u00f6nemli erdemler oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Sonu\u00e7ta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7a\u00adresiz bireyi avutmak i\u00e7in kendisine, krizler ve felaketlerle dolu bu d\u00fcnyada hayatta kalmakla bile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015f ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor.<\/p>\n

Korku K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc | Frank Furedi<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcvenlik 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n temel de\u011feri haline geldi. Bir zamanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme (ya da oldu\u011fu gibi koruma) tutkular\u0131n\u0131n yerini g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flama kayg\u0131s\u0131 ald\u0131. \u201cG\u00fcvenli\u201d etiketi insan\u0131n bir dizi faaliyetine yeni bir anlam kazand\u0131r\u0131yor g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde; ve bu faaliyet\u00adlere kat\u0131lan anlamlar\u0131 bizim otomatik olarak onaylamam\u0131z bekleni\u00adyor. \u201cG\u00fcvenli seks\u201d sadece \u201csa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131\u201d bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fanan seksi de\u011fil, hayata dair b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7759,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-7173","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-psikoloji"},"yoast_head":"\nKorku K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc | Frank Furedi - narteks.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Korku K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc | Frank Furedi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"G\u00fcvenlik 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n temel de\u011feri haline geldi. Bir zamanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirme (ya da oldu\u011fu gibi koruma) tutkular\u0131n\u0131n yerini g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flama kayg\u0131s\u0131 ald\u0131. \u201cG\u00fcvenli\u201d etiketi insan\u0131n bir dizi faaliyetine yeni bir anlam kazand\u0131r\u0131yor g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde; ve bu faaliyet\u00adlere kat\u0131lan anlamlar\u0131 bizim otomatik olarak onaylamam\u0131z bekleni\u00adyor. \u201cG\u00fcvenli seks\u201d sadece \u201csa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131\u201d bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fanan seksi de\u011fil, hayata dair b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"narteks.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-12-11T14:25:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-04-20T18:58:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/frank-furedi.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"225\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@narteks\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Tar\u0131k\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"23 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Tar\u0131k\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#\/schema\/person\/61f37d9834294b72d31d274e7ed79bca\"},\"headline\":\"Korku K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc | Frank Furedi\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-12-11T14:25:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-04-20T18:58:22+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/\"},\"wordCount\":5585,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/frank-furedi.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Psikoloji\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/narteks.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/11\/korku-kulturu-frank-furedi-2\/\",\"name\":\"Korku K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc | Frank Furedi - 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